JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2022 Vol.52 Number 6
	2022, Vol.52 Num.6
	Online: 2022-06-10

	Artcile

Artcile

	5	Zhang Yan, Zhao Xinshu

		The Fog Around Subject Liberation of Cyberspace and Its Dispersion: From the Perspective of Historical Materialism ^Hot!
		Cyberspace, a private virtual network space in the form of various social platforms, is a new communication space for people in the contemporary era, and meanwhile shapes a new way of existence for people. The existence and the status quo of subjects in cyberspace as their new mode of existence in the contemporary era is a major practical issue that Marxism as a human liberation theory needs to respond to.At present, there are three main viewpoints in the theoretical circle on the promotion of human liberation by cyberspace. The first is the historical change in the subject’s lifeworld, of which cyberspace has a liberating function as a “new platform” to calm the compulsion of modernity. The second is the historical change of the subject itself, in which the “virtual subject” (virtual body) in the cyberspace has acquired a “brand new subjectivity”. The third is the new stage of the subject’s communication, when the subject has formed an “autonomous, voluntary and open” equal communication in the cyberspace.However, historical materialism believes that this view that the subject has been liberated in cyberspace or that cyberspace is the field of subject’s liberation actually only sees the surface of the issue. Historical materialism maintains that the “subject” is an individual who actively carries out practical activities, i.e., a conscious real existence. The consciousness of the objective and essential power of the real man, i.e., the conceptual reflection of the proactive existence of the man, is sensuous consciousness.In the cyberspace, the interaction among subjects and the existence of subjects, which had to be supported and carried by bodies, are now detached from the bodies through the mediation of data. Based on this, the relationship among individuals in cyberspace would be the relationship of ideas, and the existence of ideas. In fact, the subject in cyberspace turns out to be an abstract existence which is independent and completely alienated from material reality, called abstract consciousness (virtual body). Therefore, the cyberspace is a place where there is the freedom of abstract body-free consciousness after the binary separation of the body and the consciousness. This freedom of abstract consciousness is essentially the arbitrariness of the data-supported consciousness. However, abstract consciousness is not equal to the real man as the subject, because the man’s subjectivity is not the subjectivity of abstract consciousness and thus the freedom of arbitrary consciousness in cyberspace is not equated with real human liberation and the realization of communism. Furthermore, the arbitrary self is represented in cyberspace as a virtual body under the mediation of data. The relationship between virtual bodies is represented by accidental encounters and exchanges of data in specific scenarios (e.g. Tik Tok, Weibo). There is a stipulated special meaning behind this “specificity”, for example, the objects (users) in Tik Tok are small video sharers or consumers. This stipulation reflects the existence of capital power behind the data. It can therefore be concluded that data has become a new form and carrier for capital to realize itself in the contemporary era, and that cyberspace, as a data factory, has become a new production tool for capital in the contemporary era, just like workers and machines. In cyberspace, the capital exerts control over the subjects in the form of data, so the subjects unconsciously turns to be unpaid laborers for digital capital, which shows that the subject’s practical and revolutionary reflective judgment is dying out. On this basis, the cyberspace has produced severe ethical problems, and has become a field of crimes and capitalist ideology infiltration.In this regard, only by establishing the subjectivity of historical materialism—sensuous consciousness—in cyberspace, can the fog of liberation in cyberspace effectively disperse, and can true freedom develop. This is because the conscious acquisition of sensuous consciousness is the individual’s consciousness of its real existence, i.e., the consciousness of the real existence as the subject. That is to say, the realization of an individual’s sensuous consciousness is the conceptual reflection of the realization of the organic unity of body and mind. Therefore, in the body-free cyberspace, the formation of sensuous consciousness is the realization of the organic unity of body and mind. Since sensuous consciousness is the consciousness upon the subject status of real man, it shows that this kind of consciousness is of a practical and revolutionary nature, which means that it does not allow human beings as subjects to be reduced to the objects enslaved and dominated by others, or let human beings remain in a state of digital alienation dominated by capital in cyberspace. The cultivation of sensuous consciousness in cyberspace requires that socialist countries, as a political community organically united by the real man, play the role of a political guarantee for human values in terms of guidance and institutional regulations.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 5-15 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 684KB] ( 467 )

	16	Liu Shaoming

		On Marx's Inheritance and Transcendence of Kant's Theory of Transcendental Time ^Hot!
		The transcendental time expounded in Marx’s theory includes practical time and social history time. The transcendentality of practical time means that both matter and spirit are produced and manifested on the basis of practical activities. The transcendentality of social history time means that people, nature and practical activities occur, develop and emerge under certain social history conditions. Therefore, as far as time is considered to be the condition for the manifestation of experience, Marx inherited Kant’s theory of transcendental time.However, Marx’s transcendental time has triple transcendences over Kant’s transcendental time. Firstly, Marx’s practical time and social history time involve content, surpassing the formal characteristics of Kant’s transcendental time. Marx’s practical time includes specific labor content and survival content, surpassing Kant’s quantitative time in its authenticity and transcendentality. Marx’s social history time includes rich contents of production relations, surpassing Kant’s formal time in its transcendentality and humanistic concern.Secondly, Marx’s practical time and social history time are superior to Kant’s transcendental time towing to the subjectivity of the latter. Marx’s practical time reflects man’s positive existence and development space, and also provides the basis for the manifestation of the object, and therefore transcends the concept of thing itself constructed by subjective transcendental time. Marx’s social history time reflects objective subjectivization and subjective objectification, and also transcends the subjectivization of time. More importantly, Marx’s social history time overcomes Kant’s absence of subjective time in the interpretation of moral origin and consequence, and lays the foundation for subjective time itself.Thirdly, Marx’s transcendental time is superior to Kant’s solidified transcendental time, and realizes the self-construction of transcendental time. The solidification of Kant’s transcendental time is reflected in the solidification of time mode and the uniqueness of time. But unlike Kant’s transcendental time, Marx’s practical time is developmental and non-unique, which overcomes the limitations of solidified time in terms of integrity and simultaneity. Marx’s transcendental time reveals the dynamic development of transcendental time through the development of time mode, overcomes the drawbacks of Kant’s chain causality, and sublates the non-freedom in the causal world. Therefore, Marx’s transcendental time evolved with practical time and is superior to the contentedness of Kant’s transcendental time.Marx inherited and elevated Kant’s transcendental time philosophy to the height of content, reality and development, thereby overcoming the defects of Kant’s transcendental time. Marx’s inheritance and development of Kant’s time philosophy is an important development of time philosophy, which not only highlights the truth of historical materialism’s concept of time, but also provides an important enlightenment for the development of modern and contemporary time philosophy.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 16-29 [Abstract] ( 564 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 702KB] ( 442 )

	30	Zhu Xiwei, You Yong, Wu Yiyun, Luo Deming

		University Knowledge Spillover and Research Fund Allocation: A Balance Between Funding for Frontier Research and Funding for Regional Development ^Hot!
		Universities, as the producer and disseminator of knowledge, have knowledge spillover effects on enterprises, promoting enterprise innovation and regional economic development. We established a concise quantitative spatial economic model to explain the spillover effects of universities on enterprise innovation and its transmission mechanism. We then tried to establish a welfare analysis framework in order to explore the social welfare implications of the university research funds allocated by the central government. Based on the theoretical model, we empirically tested the knowledge spillover effects and its heterogeneity of Chinese universities on industrial enterprise innovation at the micro level. In light of the theoretical model and empirical results, we further calibrated the parameters, and conducted a counterfactual analysis on the allocation of university research funds so as to discuss the social welfare effects of university knowledge spillover effects and possible optimal allocation schemes of university research funds. The research includes three main aspects as follows.First, this research, by introducing university knowledge spillover into the quantitative spatial economic model, described the micro-region-macro transmission mechanism which follows the sequence of university fund investment, enterprise innovation, regional development and social welfare. Our model also creatively abstracted the issue of balance between equity and efficiency faced by China as a large developing country in the allocation of research funds. Should the Chinese central government invest only in a few universities to help them develop into world-class universities to enhance China’s cutting-edge science and technology, or allocate research funds in a more balanced way to expand knowledge spillovers for regional coordinated development? Our theoretical model reveals that, in order to maximize social welfare, the central government should strike a balance between supporting some universities to catch up with and surpass world-class universities and coordinating regional development.Second, based on the theoretical model, the research deduced a structural econometric model and conducted an empirical analysis on Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database and University Science and Technology Statistics Collection. Therefore, our empirical research has expanded the scope and scale of relevant research to a greater degree. This paper is not only the first to study the knowledge spillover effects between all industrial enterprises and all undergraduate universities, but also makes a point-to-point calculation of the spatial distance and spatial spillover effect indexes of universities and enterprises with the use of Baidu Map API at the micro level, finally identifying the knowledge spillover effects of all undergraduate universities on industrial enterprises. The empirical research has not only proved that university knowledge spillover can significantly promote enterprise innovation, but also discovered that the knowledge spillover effects of universities are highly heterogeneous: the knowledge spillover effects of universities are highly correlated with their research funds; high-level research-oriented universities have stronger capacity of knowledge spillover, and high-tech industries and large enterprises benefit more from knowledge spillovers from universities.Finally, according to the results of empirical regression and existing research, the parameters were substituted into the general equilibrium model for calibration. Counterfactual analysis was then conducted based on the welfare analysis framework of the calibration model. The results have showed that there is a certain efficiency loss in the current allocation scheme of research funds which is more inclined to the eastern regions, and its adjustment can raise social welfare up to 1.3 percentage points.In summary, our research has, on the one hand, theoretically expounded the balance between catching up with the world-class universities to occupy the sci-tech height and expanding knowledge spillover for regional coordinated development. This has provided a theoretical basis for the central government when optimizing the allocation of university research funds. On the other hand, with the micro data of universities and enterprises, the research has effectively identified the spillover effects of university knowledge and its heterogeneity, and then evaluated the welfare differences of various fund allocation schemes, so as to provide realistic basis and data support for the optimal allocation of research funds in China’s higher education.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 30-52 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 943KB] ( 517 )

	53	Gai Junfang, Huang Baozhong

		Artificial Intelligence in Education: The New Revolution ^Hot!
		Combing through the development of educational technologies by examing the milestone events in the history of artificial intelligence, this article summarizes the different manifestations of the stages of “quantitative and qualitative change”, especially the phased and localized partial qualitative changes in the quantitative change. It describes the transformation of information technology from an external form of teaching to its embedding in the teaching process, and analyzes the typical applications of artificial intelligence in education, including machine learning models, machine learning algorithms, computer vision technology and natural language processing technology. Focusing on the relationship between education and artificial intelligence, this article tries to show how the qualitative development of technologies promotes changes in education, particularly changes in the following three fields: concept renewal, model transformation, and system reconstruction. Through synthesizing the research results of artificial intelligence in teaching, learning, examination, management and evaluation, this article explains the important role of artificial intelligence technology in cultivating future talents and promoting future social development. Education should be deeply integrated with artificial intelligence as a means to promote the transformation of educational thoughts, educational philosophies and educational concepts, so that front-line teachers, principals, educationalists, and even the whole education system and society can return to the principle of “teaching students in accordance with their aptitudes” proposed by Confucius, and truly adapt to the expectations of the new era for high-quality education and talent training.The development of artificial intelligence can promote the renewal of educational concepts, recommence learner-centered education, and enrich teachers’ educational imagination. We can actively embrace the artificial intelligence in education in the following four aspects: reorganizing teaching materials with knowledge graph as its core, adopting revolutionary ways of presenting knowledge represented by XR and meta-universe, setting up new educational environment with human-computer interaction as the main channel, and changing educational ecology with the Online-Merge-Offline model as its organizational form, so as to promote educational innovation, transform the education model and reconstruct the education system in the following ways: realization of the long-cherished dream of helping individuals to achieve their full potential, the diversified development of knowledge learning, skill acquisition and ability enhancement, the construction of a panoramic lifelong learning system across time and space, and so on.To greet the education revolution, it is inevitable to face challenges in various aspects such as the construction of knowledge resources, the supply of technological talents in the education industry, the application of technological research and developments, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the educational application of artificial intelligence logically consistent to enable its more extensive and natural involvement in education. More importantly, it is essential to re-answer the typical questions in education through artificial intelligence, to accurately explain and predict the development of education, as well as to eliminate the potential crisis of educational development. In this process, it is vital to avoid emphasizing technology over humanities, trade-off long-term and short-term benefits, and balance the speed of reform with the pace of quality of educational reform.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 53-65 [Abstract] ( 344 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2713KB] ( 438 )

	66	Wang Weian, Xie Zhubin, Chen Mengtao

		The Paradigm of Choice for Financial Risk Control in China: The Loan-to-Value Ratio Policy or the Personal Housing Loan Ratio Policy? ^Hot!
		After the 2008 financial crisis, macro-prudential supervision has been generally valued across the world. The People’s Bank of China formally established a Macro Prudential Assessment (MPA) system in 2016, with the macro-prudential capital adequacy ratio as the core, including seven major aspects of capital and leverage, liquidity, asset quality, etc., to prevent and resolve potential systemic risks in the financial system. However, various financial risks have gradually surfaced with the long-term growth of Chinese economy. The real estate industry is over-prosperous, and bank credit has had unbalanced expansion, forming a positive cycle of agglomeration of systemic risks. In order to enhance the banking industry’s ability to defend against the volatility of the real estate market, and in the meanwhile to alleviate the real estate bubble caused by the over-concentration of credit to regulate the financial risks of banking and real estate industry, the People’s Bank of China launched a macro-prudential policy of personal housing loan ratio at the end of 2020 to further enrich the existing MPA system.The existing literature on the research of macro-prudential policy mainly focuses on real estate and banking financial risks, the effect of macro-prudential policy implementation, and the macro-prudential policy of real estate finance. However, there are still some deficiencies: First, no research has been found to quantify the effect of personal housing loan ratio. Even if it is a qualitative study, the understanding of this policy is still purely limited to the regulation of housing prices, and the researchers have not discussed the issue from the macro-prudential perspective of stabilizing financial risks. Second, the indicators for evaluating financial risks are one-sided and can hardly represent comprehensive financial risks. Furthermore, there is a lack of discussion on the impact of policies on the real economy. Third, when evaluating policies, most studies only draw conclusions from numerical simulation results, lacking comprehensive theoretical analysis. In view of these deficiencies, this article constructs a six-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to discuss the theoretical mechanism whereby the personal housing loan ratio policy regulates Chinese financial risks. This policy is then compared with the traditional loan-to-value ratio policy to examine their pros and cons of the risk mitigation under different shocks.Compared with the existing research, this article has the following marginal contributions: (1) The theoretical model analysis of personal housing loan ratio has filled the gap in the existing research to a certain extent; (2) It has made a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic effect of the policy through the impulse response results of multiple financial risk indicators, and discussed its advantages and disadvantages compared with the LTV policy through welfare analysis; (3) Combined with the results of numerical simulation analysis in policy evaluation, it has analyzed the policy effectiveness of theoretical mechanism, and provided practical support for policy implementation.The research has the following findings: (1) Both macro-prudential policies can regulate real estate and banking financial risks, improve overall social welfare, and stabilize fluctuations in major economic and financial variables; (2) Under the impact of housing preferences and technological progress, LTV policies can better regulate financial risks in the short term, while the personal housing loan ratio has a better long-term inhibitory effect. Under the impact of monetary policies, the personal housing loan ratio performs better than LTV both in the long and short terms, and will not have a significant negative impact on economic output; (3) Welfare analysis shows that under the impact of housing preference, the LTV policy brings the greatest welfare improvement to the patient families and best suppresses the welfare of speculative families. Under the impacts of technological progress and monetary policy, the personal housing loan ratio performs better, and the policy choice targeting variables is decided by the type of impact. Based on the above conclusions, this paper attempts to put forward the following three suggestions: First, we should actively adopt macro-prudential policies to mitigate financial risks and avoid the “pro-cyclicality” of monetary policy and financial risks. Second, in the application of macro-prudential policies in real estate finance and the choice of anchor targets, we should act flexibly and adjust macro-prudential policies and their target variables according to the type of external shocks. Third, we should constantly enrich the macro-prudential management toolbox, follow structural policies more closely, and achieve a win-win situation of “stabilizing growth” and “controlling risks”.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 66-85 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1184KB] ( 432 )

	86	Xu Qiang, Chen Zixian, Liang Canying, Liao Suqin

		The Evolution Mechanism of Business Models from the Perspective of Strategic Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Shining 3D ^Hot!
		Strategic entrepreneurship combines the exploitation of current advantages with the exploration of future opportunities, which is of great significance to the development of new business models. This paper explores how strategic entrepreneurship affects the business model evolution with a case study on “Shining 3D”, a well-known Chinese company in the 3D printing industry. The results show that with the changes of external environment and internal resources, firms will choose different strategic entrepreneurial orientation patterns, take corresponding resource orchestration behaviors, and ultimately facilitate the evolution of different business models. The details are as follows:Firstly, strategic entrepreneurial orientation refers to the degree of a firm’s engagement in exploratory and exploitative activities. Exploitation here is the refinement and extension of existing competencies, resources, and paradigms, while exploration means exploring new fields and seizing new opportunities. Responding to the changes of the external environment and internal resources, a firm’s strategic entrepreneurial orientation is characterized by the sequence of “strong exploitation-weak exploration”, “strong exploration-weak exploitation”, and “strong exploitation-strong exploration”.Secondly, strategic entrepreneurial orientation can affect resource orchestration. Due to the limited internal resources, a firm usually takes full advantage of available resources at the early stage. With the accumulation of resources and capabilities, the firm will focus more on integrating the resources to create more value. As the firm’s strength and the uncertainty of the environment gradually increase, the firm will seek to coordinate with external organizations, and ultimately achieve mutual benefit. Herein, resource orchestration presents a path of “bricolage-integration-collaboration”.Thirdly, business models evolve under the combined effect of strategic entrepreneurial orientation and resource orchestration. At the early stage with limited quantity of internal resources and less uncertainty of external environment, the firm tends to choose the orientation pattern of “strong exploitation-weak exploration”, forming an exploitative business model through bricolage-resource orchestration. As the quantity of internal resources and the uncertainty of external environment increase, the firm’s orientation will convert to the “strong exploration-weak exploitation” pattern for more room to grow. In this orientation, the firm is more likely to develop an explorative business model by integrating resource orchestration. In highly uncertain external environment, the firm with sufficient internal resources is more likely to adopt the “strong exploitation-strong exploration” pattern with collaborative resource orchestration and evolve into the business model of “ambidexterity”. Thus, the business model of the firm goes through the evolution process of “exploitation-exploration-ambidexterity”.The study offers the following contributions: (1) We have argued the importance of simultaneously utilizing current advantages and exploring new development opportunities. Strategic entrepreneurship helps firms quickly adapt to the complex and dynamic environment and achieve continuous development. From the systemic and dynamic perspective of strategic entrepreneurship, which is seldom found in present researches, we examined the process and mechanism for evolution of business models; (2) We have proposed a new evolution logic of “external environment / internal resources→strategic entrepreneurial orientation→resources orchestration→business model”. Taking the internal and external factors into account, we have more systematically revealed the driving forces, dominant mechanism and behavior patterns of business model evolution from the combinative perspective of strategic entrepreneurship and resource orchestration; (3) We have offered a more profound understanding of ambidextrous business model from the perspective of strategic entrepreneurship. We have redefined the dimensions of the ambidextrous business model based on two behaviors (namely, exploitation and exploration) rather than the two traditional themes (namely, efficiency and novelty). In a highly dynamic environment, the ambidextrous business model can be the best choice for enterprises as it can balance the behaviors of exploitation and exploration dynamically to ensure the firms’ competitive advantages and continuous development. This finding enriches the connotation of ambidextrous business model and reveals the trend towards such a business model as well as the mechanism of its evolution.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 86-101 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1114KB] ( 376 )

	102	Liu Danqing

		The Inventorial Effect on Synonymous Loanwords: The Case of Tizi-Putao （Grape） and Beyond ^Hot!
		A loanword is generally borrowed, when a new concept does not have an existing representation in the target language. However, the Cantonese word tizi (teizi in Cantonese pronunciation) is borrowed into Mandarin despite that its equivalent putao (grape) already exists in Mandarin. After the Reform and Opening-up, imported grapes have brought the word tizi into Mandarin. Tizi was not used as a special term. As a written form appearing in texts published in the Yue speaking regions, tizi was considered to be a Cantonese equivalent to the Mandarin putao. Later, as used in the north, tizi and putao became a pair of distinctive words in Mandarin, with tizi possibly interpreted as the hyponym of putao. Putao in Mandarin thus possessed different interpretations, meaning that it can be interpreted as a general concept, or in its narrow sense, as a specific reference to native grapes growing in China, whereas tizi lost its general interpretation. This distinctive pair also resulted in the re-division of the grape category. Tizi indicates a different language borrowing mechanism compared with that of other loanwords. Firstly, northern people learnt the new words along with a new fruit type, which would easily lead to the misunderstanding of its original meaning in Cantonese. After the import of the Cantonese equivalent, Mandarin requires an adequate division of labor in the lexical structure, so as to allow a maximal utilization of resources and to avoid a waste of lexicon. The popularity of Cantonese in the early years of the Reform and Opening-up paved the way for the introduction of semantic equivalents. Additionally, the fresh loanwords sounded more attractive to the young people, stimulating the use of tizi as a tendency under different commercial situations. This eventually led to the semantic reinterpretation of a series of fruit names in Mandarin. Similar examples can also be found in other pairs of fruit names to which the inventorial effect reveals, with one of the pair being a loanword and the other a native one. Another example is the Mandarin yingtao and the loanword chelizi from Cantonese. The latter is translated from the English word cherry that denotes all the varieties of cherries all over the world. After getting into Mandarin, chelizi becomes the form specifically representing the varieties originated from Europe, acting as the hyponym of the native Mandarin cherries yingtao. Similarly, qiyiguo, loaned from the Cantonese translation of kiwi from New Zealand, is now regarded as a hyponym or an equivalent of the native Mandarin míhóutáo, of which the variety was originally grown locally in China. Bulin (bulam in Cantonese pronunciation) and bulangguo are calques in Cantonese and Mandarin respectively, both taken from plum in English. English plum contains a wider extension than the Mandarin lizi, including meizi, the Chinese plum as a variety distinctive from lizi. Yet, after entering Mandarin, bulin and bulangguo have become a subordinate to lizi, denoting varieties of plums originated from Europe. Sheguo comes from a shortened form of the Cantonese transliteration of red delicious apple which denotes a hyponym of apple in English and, strictly speaking, is not a counterpart of the Mandarin pingguo (apple). When borrowed into Mandarin, it becomes a word distinctive to pingguo at the same semantic level. The appealing point of fruit names like “tizi” is that the denoting form already exists in the borrowing language before a loanword enters, and the process always comes along with the introduction of new fruit varieties. The loan of a semantic equivalent often evokes the Inventorial Effect, changing the semantic distributive maps of both the loan and the native lexemes in the lexical inventory structure, sharing the well-acknowledged principle of “avoiding the synonymy” with “the non-monotonicity of the lexical system” as regards the “Economic Principle” of language. The borrowing side eventually obtains a finer categorical distinction differing from the general models in which the origin side is semantically more detailed. This indicates that fineness of semantic categories does not solely, or even not necessarily, rely on cultural richness and cognitive depth, as is assumed by some linguists. Additionally, the inventorial structure of a given language is proved to exert a significant “inventorial effect”, with the retroactive effect acting upon the semantic categorization but not vice versa.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 102-111 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 813KB] ( 427 )

	112	Xie Juntao

		Confirmation and Enlightenment of the Written Form and Pronunciation of Chinese Female Third-person Pronouns ^Hot!
		In the Late Qing Dynasty, English became one of the Western languages exerting great influence upon Chinese. The third-person pronouns such as he/she/it in English were used to signify the masculine, feminine and neutral. The writing and pronunciation vary with different genders, thus it was difficult for “she” and “it” to be translated into Chinese. “他”, “伊”, “”, “他_女” were used to refer to female third-person pronouns in the vernacular materials at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. This kind of chaotic writing forms caused many inconveniences for translating foreign languages into Chinese and the creative writing in Chinese vernacular.In the May Fourth Period, the need for translating foreign languages into Chinese or vice versa, the call of the times for new literary creation and the requirement for the clarity of the third person gender indication, all have objectively promoted the differentiation of the Chinese third person pronoun. This paper argues that there are two basic reasons why the character “她” has finally become a standard third-person character for women. Firstly, “她” and “他 (ta for man)” can effectively distinguish genders by the semantic components in the form of characters, which conforms to the family similarity of the distribution of character components, to the cognitive psychology of Chinese character memes, to the categorization theory of human cognition, and are easy to recognize and remember in writing. Therefore, using “他” and “她” to express the corresponding male and female is easy to be understood and accepted. The forms of “伊”and “” are so different from that of “他”, so that it is difficult to associate them with female third-person pronouns. The word “伊” is mainly used in the coastal Hokkien language in a small area. It refers not only to people but also to objects, and it is hard to know whether “伊” means a woman without the context. As a newly-created character, “” lacks mass foundation and is difficult to deduce its meaning. Secondly, as to the pronunciation, “她” and “他” have the same pronunciation, which has not changed people’s listening and speaking habits, while there is a big difference in the pronunciation between “伊”and “”. The sudden change of the pronunciation can put the populace at a loss and even causes resistance sentiment. The similarity of pronunciation and form, together with the inner meaning hint of the same side, determines that “她” is more recognizable and acceptable than “伊” and “”.To sum up, the paper concludes that the emergence, recognition and popularity of the Chinese female third-person pronoun “她” is not only the result of the communication between Chinese and Western languages, but also the combination of oral and written forms of language. The definition of the form and pronunciation of the Chinese female third-person pronoun “她” indicates that whether borrowing or creating words should be based on whether they are just needed or practical, and should accord with people’s cognitive psychology, the writing form should be easy to remember and write, the rules of phonetics should consider people’s habit of saying and greeting, and the characters expressing a certain concept should have broad mass basis.The emergence and use of the written forms of the third-person pronouns in Chinese for the female is a topic of considerable concern in the academia. However, scholars have not studied the following issues with a systematic and macroscopic view. The first is the reasons why the character “她 (ta)” eventually replace “伊 (yi)” and “ (tuo)” and became the female third-person pronoun in Chinese. The second is to determine its form and sound, and the third, the exploration of its enlightenment effect.Ancient Chinese did not have special characters for female third-person pronouns. The appearance of female third-person pronouns in modern Chinese and the determination of their forms and pronunciation are mainly related to the need for translating female third-person pronouns in foreign languages and the clarity of written expression. It is of theoretical and practical value in analyzing the problems that occur when translating female third-person pronouns into Chinese, exploring the writing forms and pronunciation of Chinese female third-person pronouns as well as their determination mechanism, and reflecting on their significance in translating foreign languages into Chinese and language planning.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 112-119 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1433KB] ( 698 )

	120	Liu Lixian

		The Creation of Fine Arts and Crafts in Tushanwan from the Perspective of Modern Expo ^Hot!
		The industrial revolution in the 1860s boosted social productivity. With increased needs for raw materials and capital accumulation, western colonists started their expansion strategy on a global scale, and held the world’s first large-scale Expo—the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851 to display the achievements of the Industrial Revolution and show off their comprehensive national strength. Since then, the World Expo has become a regular international event. Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage also took the Expo as a venue to promote its products to the world. As the center of the Far East Diocese of the global missionary work of the Catholic Church in the 19th century, Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage started as a subsidiary site of Catholic missionary salvation. From 1864 to 1958, it successively opened many core workshops including carpentry, art, printing and hardware, and adopted a cooperative way of arts and crafts creation. Since the World Expo in Paris in 1900, the orphanage participated in the World Expo for many times, bringing huge fame to a number of Tushanwan arts and crafts which merged Chinese and Western characteristics. As a good specimen of the history of East-West arts and crafts exchange and the transformation of modern Chinese design education, Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage first served missionaries, and then strove for survival during the war by finding domestic and foreign customers. As its art and crafts won many awards at the World Expo, it expanded its business in the international market. The artistic creation and operation mode of Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage would bring us some inspiration on how to inherit our national arts and crafts at present, which is also an examination of the contemporary value of Chinese arts and crafts in the context of arts, creativity and national cultural strategy. This paper examines the complex history of Tushanwan arts and crafts and recaptures the religious, cultural, artistic and technological exchanges between China and the West a hundred years ago. Tushanwan arts and crafts not only mirror how the western missionaries localized Catholic arts in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, but also reflect their interpretation of Oriental arts from a Western perspective. All the Tushanwan arts and crafts that won awards or received orders like “A Hundred Chinese Pagodas”, “Wood Figurines” and “The Chinese Palace” merged Chinese and Western artistic creation techniques. The overseas Tushanwan treasures are even more a witness of history. Among them, “A Hundred Chinese Pagodas” made by a team of western missionary artists and Chinese orphan craftsmen was exhibited at the Panama Pacific International Exposition in 1915 and won the gold medal. It is a collaborative work of carpentry, hardware and art workshops of Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage, and was a product merging Chinese and Western architectural arts. Created in wartime China, “A Hundred Chinese Pagodas” was deeply imbued with the characteristics of the times and with those of the church-affiliated orphanage, becoming a work of artistic craftsmanship which integrated the original intention of creation to serve the missions of the church with the later, Chinese style to satisfy the curiosity of Westerners. The emergence, development and ending of Tushanwan Arts and Crafts Orphanage lasted for nearly a hundred years (1864-1958). During its operation, it adopted a unique way of art and crafts creation and inheritance, indirectly promoting the exchange of art and crafts between the East and the West and inspiring Chinese design education in its transitional stage. It also reflects the transformation in China’s artistic creation and the output of national image of Chinese arts and crafts in the context of the Western “China craze” and the “world view” in the late Qing Dynasty.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 120-132 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2488KB] ( 422 )

	133	Yang Songtao

		Resources of Judicial System and the Formation Process of Local Litigations: A Comparison of Early Modern China and England ^Hot!
		In the study of comparative legal history, the classic proposition that “people are fond of lawsuits in the West while the Chinese are reluctant to litigate” has aroused heated discussions among scholars in the Chinese academia. However, in recent years, the opinion that “the Chinese hate lawsuits” has gradually become unacceptable. Some historians of China have confirmed that vigorous lawsuits launched by local people can be found everywhere since Song China, and “litigious society” became the norm in Qing China. At the same time, the Western scholars have painted a picture that English people were very disgusted with litigation, thus shook the “litigation imagination” of the West. In the future, we can try to compare the litigation rates between China and the West from the perspective of quantitative history. The number of cases in judicial archives and the distribution of types of cases in various courts can be found through comparing litigation rates in early modern China and England. However, we should be alert to the pitfalls behind quantitative historical researches, and further investigate what is a “case” in the different judicial systems of China and England. When examining the number of cases, it cannot be ignored that the cases themselves have complex connotations. The purpose of our comparison of the litigation rate is not to find out who has more or less cases but to know the installation of system in which the litigation rates are generated. On the one hand, we need to count the litigation rates of China and England in a quantitative sense; on the other hand, we need to further explore the different process of case formation in China and England to understand the intention behind the litigation rates in the two countries. The local power structures and their judicial system resources of the two countries must be analyzed.“Cases” in judicial archives are artificial creations in the operation of the judicial system. The allocation of resources of judicial system under the influence of different local power structures in China and England will create different connotations of “cases”. The severity of the nature of the case, the progress of the case, the litigation costs borne by the parties, and the scope of acceptance of the case have different effects in these two countries. In Qing China, the “dualistic” local power structure composed of magistrates in the formal system and a large number of civil servants who stood outside the formal system resulted in the establishment of the court of first instance in a relatively high level, and the formation stage of cases was relatively late. In early modern England, because it lacked bureaucracy, it mainly used the pattern of power distribution inherent in the social hierarchy to achieve the purpose of governance. The spatial areas from the center to county and parish were roughly matched with the noble, gentry and yeoman in the social hierarchy, that is, they roughly assume the governance responsibilities of the center, county and parish respectively. The magistrates served by the gentry and the constables served by yeoman was half-official and half-civilian in nature. This kind of governance in England is slightly rough in terms of installation of system, but the distinction of identities between officials and citizens is far less obvious than that in Qing China, so it formed a “unitarian” local power structure. The “localization” of the gentry through assuming the office of magistrates resulted in a closer relationship between the state and the society in England. As a result, many minor disputes or crimes can be formed as cases in the court of first instance. This finding tells us that, in England, many types of courts resolve disputes within its judicial system, rather than relying on ADR mechanisms to reduce the pressure on lower courts.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 133-145 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 804KB] ( 392 )

	146	Fan Jiayang

		Transformation of Family Role in Family Law: From the Perspective of State Integration ^Hot!
		Family law is a crucial part of China’s legal system. Unfortunately, previous studies have failed to properly cope with the structural relationship between the individual, the family and the state. To understand the significance and trend of contemporary family law, as exemplified by the Civil Code: Marriage and Family, it is necessary to interpret family law within the historical context of state integration. This dynamic perspective, which is open to the reality, is the innovation point of this study. Under the perspective of state integration, this study purports to construe the transformation of family law from three innovative aspects: “the family as a mechanism of integration”, “the paradigm transformation of state integration in China” and “new family law under constitutional integration”.First, “the family as a mechanism of integration” focuses on the integration function of the family in dissolving the tension between the individual and the political community. From the early days of New China, the initial stages for reform and opening-up to the new era, the family has adapted to the ever-changing task of state integration through its different institutional roles.Then, “the paradigm transformation of state integration in China” is a political and social reality in interpreting the transformation of family law, which determines how the integration function of family and family law is performed. In the early days of New China, the realization of state integration was achieved primarily on political authority. The primary task of family law was to assist the integration of political authority into family life. It is apparent that the family turned into the basic unit for the transformation of individuals and the realization of a homogeneous state. At the initial stages of the reform and opening-up, the integration of the state was mainly driven by the socialist market economy system. The role of the family in family law was transformed into an “autonomous organization” characterized by self-service and self-development, which served to assist individuals in acclimatizing the great influence brought about by the separation of political power as soon as possible. In the meantime, the weakening of family ethics by economic rationality has revealed the dilemma of the nihility of value consensus. The integration of the State in the new era is based on the integration of the Constitution. Under the value guidance of the Constitution on family law, the role of the family as an enlightener of civic virtues is portrayed in the Civil Code: Marriage and Family.Finally, constitutional integration requires the Constitution to form an inherent fit with society, history and culture, to weigh and warrant that the Constitution is continuously renewed in its effectiveness and sustains the integration of the state with the value of the times. The inclusion of the Core Socialist Values in the constitution in 2018 signifies the establishment of the core values of the community in the new era and the generation of the long absent value target in China. In this context, family law should reflect the state’s leading role in individual morality and “materialize” the constitutional value consensus required by the times through the system, to enhance the value cohesion in the transition period. Article 1043 of the Civil Code: Marriage and Family specifies the construction of the family civilization. By confirming the moral obligations of spouses and family members, the Civil Code: Marriage and Family corresponds to the constitutional values. What’s more, the increase in the time cost of divorce and the clarification of the nature of the matrimonial debt in the Civil Code: Marriage and Family are all manifestations of the penetration of the Core Socialist Values into family life.In the future, we should further strengthen the procedural guarantees of democratic participation in the consensus on constitutional values. Then the coexistence of state integration and social development can be better achieved in a dialectical and holistic relationship among the individual, the family and the State.
		2022 Vol. 52 (6): 146-160 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 817KB] ( 525 )

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