JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2024 Vol.54 Number 5
	2024, Vol.54 Num.5
	Online: 2024-06-20

	Article

Article

	5	Pang Hu, Jin Yaokai

		The Implication of Chinese Civilization in Chinese Path to Modernization ^Hot!
		Civilization is the value identity formed on the basis of specific social practice. Modernization is the historical process of the evolution and replacement of the old and new social forms. The interactive development of civilization and modernization complements each other. On the one hand, modernization is essentially a process of profound deconstruction and reconstruction of the civilization system in a specific historical stage. From the perspective of universality, modernization is a concentrated reflection of the progress of civilization. From the perspective of particularity, modernization condenses the concept expression of specific civilization. On the other hand, the civilization form of a particular society directly determines the development trend of modernization. The difference between different modernization modes is essentially the difference between different civilization forms. Western civilization has opened up a new process of world modernization, but it does not mean that modernization is the patent of the West, nor can it include all the modernization of the world. While the internal worries of Western modernity are intensifying, the Chinese path to modernization initiated by Chinese civilization is showing unprecedented unique value.Chinese civilization contains rich modernity factors, constructs the Chinese gene of modernization construction, and opens up a new prospect of “alternative modernity”. As the cultural root of the Chinese nation, Chinese civilization has cast the spiritual soul of the Chinese path to modernization with its unique value thought and cultural gene. As a value system with a high sense of identity and strong cohesion, Chinese civilization has condensed the value consensus of Chinese path to modernization with its sense of “family-country” community formed in the long-term historical process. As an important treasure of world civilization, Chinese civilization not only maintains the vitality of the Chinese nation, but also promotes the renewal and improvement of world civilization, strengthens the historical responsibility of the Chinese path to modernization, and finally breaks the thinking pattern of “modernization equals westernization” and shapes the Chinese model of modern development.Through the practical exploration of the Chinese path to modernization, the Communist Party of China has activated the excellent genes of the Chinese nation and promoted the modern transformation of Chinese civilization. The Chinese path to modernization has promoted the Chinese nation to realize the historical transformation from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization and information civilization, and has consolidated the social foundation for the modern transformation of Chinese civilization. The Chinese path to modernization adheres to the guidance of Marxism, upholds the historical vision of learning from the past and the dialectical vision of integration, and enriches the connotation of the times for the modern transformation of Chinese civilization. The Chinese path to modernization has established a new framework of modern civilization with Chinese excellent traditional culture as the resource, revolutionary culture as the background, and advanced socialist culture as the guide. It has activated the innovation factor for the modern transformation of Chinese civilization, and made the cultural gene with the significance of the times burst out fresh vitality in the practice of the Chinese path to modernization.Based on the practice of the Chinese path to modernization, modern Chinese civilization has become a typical paradigm for creating new forms of human civilization in the “new axis era” due to its unique historical background and modern characteristics. In order to promote the reconstruction of the form of human civilization in the new historical journey, we should fully explore the empirical value of modern Chinese civilization, take the reconstruction of the subjectivity of the modernization model as the value standpoint, take the harmonious construction of the life community as the pattern, and take the mutual integration of civilization forms as the order orientation, so as to break the “Western civilization center theory” and create a new pattern of human civilization development, and contribute more Chinese wisdom.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 5-17 [Abstract] ( 91 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 771KB] ( 387 )

	18	Wu Yile, Chen Jiaming

		How Capital Tames Labor Power: A Foucaultian Powerism Interpretation of Marx’s Capital ^Hot!
		The relationship between capital and power has long been studied in the academia. However, there are still several unanswered questions about capital power in Marx’s Capital. These include what factors enable capital to gain power, why workers submit to labor control, the role of capital power outside productive labor, how capital subdues workers’ bodies and minds, how it punishes disobedient workers, and the extent to which capital power is successful. To answer these questions, Foucault’s theory of power is an important reference for Marx’s theory of capital power. Foucault’s interpretation of Marx’s Capital emphasizes the power perspective, deepens our understanding of the capitalist mode of production, and helps us explore the key issue of “how capital tames labor” in Marx’s theory of capital power.Foucault’s interpretation of Marx has three key propositions. First, collaborative labor is essential for capital to obtain power. The production mode of collective force and collaborative labor force workers to accept the control of capital power, enabling the bourgeoisie to gain power. The power of capital to dominate labor is continually increasing, and the dependence of workers on capital is also deepening. Second, discipline is the technical system for capital power to obtain and tame the body. The capitalist mode of production has created new demands that can be achieved by discipline. According to Marx, capital relies on power to regulate and control the production of labour. Foucault introduced the term “discipline” to explain how this power is manifested and implemented, revealing how it is embedded in the society. The disciplinary society described by Foucault is present in Marx’s capitalist society. Through a series of technologies, the bourgeoisie can directly or indirectly control the body and actions of workers, ultimately serving the purpose of capital accumulation. Third, capital power pursues the sustained and stable supply of labor. Power relies on the policy of industrial reserve forces to accumulate a continuous stream of labor force, to achieve comprehensive supervision of people, eliminate interference with capitalist production through the punishment of illegal activities. By regulating population and life, capital power can be successfully implemented and continued.Foucault’s criticism of capital power is based on the achievements of Marxist political economy. By depicting the changes in power technology forms and observing the changes in the relationship between individuals and power in detail, Foucault’s interpretation of power broadens our understanding of the power theory in Capital. It is important to understand the differences between Foucault and Marx’s approaches. Foucault’s study is characterized by “problematization”. He is skilled at identifying problems but not so much at addressing them. Foucault avoids holistic thinking and instead focuses on specific object domains to gain insight into the individual’s experience in power relations. He ultimately turns to a survival aesthetic of “care of the self”. On the other hand, Marx examines the effectiveness of capital power from a global perspective of production system and social class. Starting from the materialist view of history, Marx believes that human activities can consciously transform social structures. He points out the path of confronting and transcending alienation. Through an examination of the foundational ideas behind Marx’s views on capital power and Foucault’s interpretation of them, we can gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental characteristics and operational dynamics of capital power. Over time, capital power has taken on various new forms, including financial power, technological power, algorithmic power, and more. These are various manifestations of capital power but have not deviated from or changed the essential attributes of capital power. We must explore ways to avoid turning humans into machines in the form of power control, which requires good institutional design. It is also the fundamental significance of studying the issue of capital power.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 18-28 [Abstract] ( 72 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 778KB] ( 415 )

	29	Shao Peng, Zhao Ruoyi, Pan Zhongjing

		Digital “Fields of Memory”: The Reconstruction of Heroic Commemorative Space in Social Media ^Hot!
		In the digital era, the media of memory have undergone significant transformation, creating a new memory ecosystem. In particular, the rise of social media platforms, extending Nora’s realistic imagination of the “memory field”, comes to build a digital “memory field” different from the traditional spatial structure. In many human memory activities, people’s commemoration of historical events and heroic figures is an eternal theme running through the past, present and future. When the online media gradually replaces the traditional media to be the core “memory field”, how the past memory will continue becomes a key issue. Based on the context, this study focuses on the construction of online commemorative spaces and digital “fields of memory”, and explores how social media within the digital ecosystem constructs a digital “field of memory” under commemorative themes, using the commemorative video and commentary text of the “The NATO Bombing of the Former Chinese Embassy in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia” on the bilibili.com as the research object. Furthermore, it investigates the profound impact of this new memory practice on the continuation of human hero memories.By combining the quantitative and qualitative research methods and utilizing big data topic mining, online ethnography, and text analysis, it is found that the condolences for the martyrs on bilibili.com form a “field of memory” around the commemorative video of the event. Firstly, the digital “field of memory” exhibits clear structural features. One of such features is that commemorative activities show periodic cycles and instantaneous bursts around the specific dates of specific events. The commemorative videos on the current topic on the bilibili.com are mainly released in the form of “anniversaries” at specific time periods, but sometimes there are also signs of time-advanced outbreaks due to its strong relevance to current events. Commemorative videos related to the theme are primarily released in the form of “anniversary celebrations” during specific periods. However, they may also experience abrupt surges due to strongly related current events. The other structural feature lies in the thematic clustering of commemorative videos. With the support of algorithms, commemorative videos with similar themes form a “virtual memorial hall”. This new commemorative exhibition mode places hero memories in different contexts and historical backgrounds, enabling commemorative mourning and new meaning production.Secondly, the digital “memory field” has four unique functional effects: (1) Personalized commemorative words of user emotions and memories, through interactive rituals and social sharing in the digital space, can be consolidated into cohesive and collective social emotions. (2) The online commemorative space constructs the ritual communication based on the traditional commemorative ritual performances, allowing the cultural memory to be continually reenacted through ritual performances, and also imbuing it with new significance and ensuring its preservation and continuity through media. (3) Through the digital cultural practice of emotions, the traumatic memory of the memorial public can be precipitated into cultural genes infused with national ideology, completing a new process of meaning construction. (4) The attributes of digital commemorative spaces enhance the circulation of social emotions, thereby constructing and sustaining public identity.Therefore, this research suggests that social media, amidst the process of digital transformation, has built independent online commemorative space and digital “fields of memory” and shaped a new environment that is based on the curation of user content and promoting hero memories via commemorative discourse, thus providing a reference for transmitting and continuing the digital memory of heroes and martyrs.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 29-41 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1794KB] ( 428 )

	42	Lu Jianping, Dang Ziqiang

		Manufacture and Dissemination of Fake Information vs. Protection of National Security and People’s Rights and Interests in the AIGC Era ^Hot!
		With the impressive debut of ChatGPT, the idea of artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) assisting or even replacing human authors in content creation is becoming a reality. ChatGPT quickly attracted hundreds of millions of users, and various AIGC applications rapidly went online and became popular, marking the advent of a new era in content production.Artificial intelligence technology has experienced three major stages since the 1950s: the shift from machine learning to deep learning, the introduction of Transformer models, and the arrival of the Foundation Model era. With the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, the number of parameters of AI models has continuously increased, from 117 million to 1.5 billion and then to 175 billion, until the birth of the ChatGPT. Moreover, various amazing AIs have emerged at the same time; these AIs can be flexibly used in creative fields such as writing, music arrangement, painting, and video production. However, while foundation models are driving the cognitive capabilities of intelligent entities, they also pose risks and challenges to humans: the training data and objectives of large language models may be ambiguous and uncertain and thus may show misleading and biased behavior; when large language models become easy to manipulate, they are most likely to be used for the release of malicious empowerment, resulting in issues such as fake news, online fraud, and more seriously, they may affect social stability and endanger national security.Given that AI technology is easily accessible to the public and has extremely powerful capabilities, malicious actors can misemploy it when applying for AI text containing image rumours, AI video fraud, AI audio fraud, and AI scene fraud and even when imitating the voice and behavior of real humans, making it difficult for people to distinguish between the content generated by AI and actual truth and public opinion. In addition, the arbitrary dissemination of anthropomorphic AI in the water army will not only disturb normal public cognition but also impact the existing social order. Indeed, due to the power of AIGC, the fabrication of fake information has become easier and simpler, and its content is becoming more diverse and realistic. The world has seen serious cases involving rumour-mongering and fraud, greatly jeopardizing the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and threatening national security. In view of this, this study, based on a brief introduction of the mechanism of AIGC, analyses a few cases and proposes the following suggestions and measures: (1) At the technical level, research investment should be increased to improve the effectiveness of Deepfake Detection, e.g., to design and produce tit-for-tat AI of Justice to counterattack Evil/Criminal AI. (2) At the legislative level, relevant laws and regulations should be improved to clarify the boundaries of crime and noncrime. For example, items of responsibilities and penalties in the newly promulgated “Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services” should be combined with China’s existing relevant laws and regulations to clarify relevant actors in the manufacturing, utilization and dissemination of artificial intelligence false information. (3) At the law enforcement level, specialized institutions should be established to handle emergencies and strictly enforce laws and regulations in combating AI crimes. (4) In terms of publicity and education, AIGC artificial intelligence knowledge should be popularized to improve citizens’ AI recognition and alertness so that an effective early danger warning mechanism can be established together with a hazard handling mechanism to avoid and reduce damage to people’s interests and to safeguard national security.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 42-58 [Abstract] ( 115 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2316KB] ( 316 )

	59	Liu Jingwei

	')" href="#">	An Explanation of the "Reference of Regulations to Standards": Centered on Keywords ^Hot!
		In October 2021, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the National Standardization Development Outline, which proposed the establishment of a system for reference of regulations to standards. This is an institutional innovation. To build a foundation of theoretical knowledge of this new system, we need to accurately grasp its connotation. Combined with the current conditions of Chinese standardization and legislation, it is necessary to interpret the “reference of regulations to standards” with the key words from a theoretical perspective.The first key word, “regulations”, should not be narrowly interpreted as “administrative regulations and local regulations”, but should be interpreted as “law” in a broad sense, which includes laws, regulations (administrative regulations and local regulations), rules (State Council departmental rules and local governments rules) and all the other normative legal documents that act as the source of law, including the normative administrative documents, normative judicial interpretation, and the like. In the Chinese legislative practice, where there is normative legal documents that act as the source of law, there is the case of regulations referring to standards.The second key word, “standard”, should be interpreted as the “standard” in the context of standardization. It refers to “the technical requirements that need to be unified in the fields of agriculture, industry, services and social services and others”. A standard in the sense of standardization is a document developed by a standardization body “in accordance with prescribed procedures and by consensus, which provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for common use and reuse for various activities or their results”. According to the Standardization Law, Chinese standard system includes national standards (mandatory national standards, recommended national standards), industry standards, local standards and group standards, enterprise standards. In the Chinese legislative practice, standards referred by regulations includes Chinese standards, and, under certain circumstances (mainly referring to product imports), also includes international standards and foreign standards.The third key word, “reference”, in the standardization theory, refers to the term “by referring to another document number or document content number in the document, so that the content of the document referred to constitute the content of the document referred to it”. Once the standard is referred by other documents, the implementation (application) of the document referring to the standard also means that the referred standard indirectly to be implemented (applied), so the reference to standard is an indirect way of the implementation (application) of the standard. Standards can be referred by another standard and by a regulation, the latter is the “reference of regulations to standards”. When a standard is referred in a regulation, compliance with the standard constitutes a legal obligation. This means that the standard is incorporated into the system of law. It has the national coercive force to ensure its implementation of the standard. Enforcement of standards by the state is a powerful way of implementing standards. The ways of Regulations referring to standards includes direct reference (can be divided into “dated reference” and “undated reference”) and indirect reference. The provision “Mandatory standards must be implemented” stipulated in Standardization Law shows no essential difference to the general expression of referring to standard in the regulation. They all express the same meaning, that is, the standard referred in the regulation should be complied, namely, the compliance with the standard referred in the regulation is a legal obligation. Therefore, mandatory standard is also a situation of “reference of regulations to standards”.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 59-70 [Abstract] ( 73 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 852KB] ( 375 )

	71	Ruan Jianqing, Zhang Yuwei

		Research on the Realization Path of Agro-industrial Clusters Enhancing Migrant Workers’ Settlement Willingness from the Perspective of Inclusiveness ^Hot!
		The stable settlement of migrant workers in their employment locales is pivotal for fostering societal harmony. Our research utilizes the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) for the years 2014-2018, supplemented by the 2013-2017 China Academy for Rural Development-Qiyan China Agri-research Database (CCAD), Zhejiang University. We construct a pooled cross section dataset spanning 2014-2018 to examine the influence of agro-industrial clusters on migrant workers’ residential preferences. Given that our dependent variable, the propensity to settle, is binary, logistic regression is predominantly employed in our analysis.Our baseline regression findings reveal a significant positive correlation between agro-industrial clusters and migrant workers’ willingness to reside in their place of employment. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in the intensity of these clusters amplifies the likelihood of migrant workers opting to settle by 1.91 times. To address potential endogeneity arising from omitted variables, we utilize the early development of township enterprises as an instrumental variable, yielding conclusions consistent with our primary model.Additionally, this study employs various robustness checks, including substitution of core explanatory variables, contraction of core variable tests, model alternation, and correction for self-selection bias. The results affirm our baseline findings. Further, we delve into the mechanisms through which agro-industrial clusters influence migrant workers’ settlement decisions, identifying three pathways: enhancement of income levels, job creation, and optimization of financial services, marked by inclusivity. An analysis of heterogeneity among migrant workers based on skill level reveals that agro-industrial clusters exert a more pronounced effect on the settlement intentions of lower-skilled workers. The agro-industrial clusters is characterized by its inclusivity.Based on findings above, we put forward corresponding policy recommendations. In the future, efforts should be made to rely on counties to build advantageous and characteristic agricultural industrial clusters, improve the employment environment and the level of financial services enjoyed by migrant workers, and guide the orderly integration of agricultural migrants into the city. This paper contributes to the literature on the microeconomic implications of agro-industrial clusters, particularly concerning migrant workers’ settlement decisions. It bridges a gap in empirical research by synthesizing macroeconomic impacts of agro-industrial clusters with micro-level decision-making processes. Additionally, it sheds light on the underlying mechanisms driving these effects, namely income enhancement, job creation, and financial service optimization, thereby advancing the theory of inclusive growth. This research also introduces an innovative approach to data utilization. While existing studies on industrial clusters predominantly concentrate on provincial or municipal levels, this study acknowledges the critical role of counties in the development of specialized and advantageous agro-industrial clusters. A key data source utilized in this paper is CCAD. This comprehensive database encompasses various sub-databases, covering agriculture-related subjects, new-type agricultural operators, agriculture-related enterprises/self-employed individuals, and offers detailed regional statistics down to the county level. The indicators derived from this data more accurately represent the clustering degree of agricultural enterprises at the county level, providing a more precise and realistic analysis.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 71-86 [Abstract] ( 61 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1030KB] ( 325 )

	87	Zhang Xingwu

	')" href="#">	A Study of the Reform of Tang Literature Based on "Yan-Xu" ^Hot!
		The ideological trend of article reform with “Yan-Xu” as the suzerain occurred in the Periods of Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian and the early years of Tang Xuanzong. In the long course of “three transforms of essays in the Tang Dynasty”, it has the significance and value of connecting the past and the future. Heretofore, the academic circles have discussed the rise and fall of essays in the Tang Dynasty, with the focus still limited to the “ancient literary movement” advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. However, the motivation, process and connotation of the times that Zhang Yue and others promoted the change of essays between the early and prosperous Tang Dynasties have not been given due attention and research.Before Zhang Yue and Su Ting led the literary revolution with “great style”, Li Qiao, Cui Rong, Su Weidao, Du Shenyan, Xu Jian, Song Zhiwen and other “Zhuying Xueshi (珠英学士)” were known as the court and the public for their rich and elegant application of parallel prose. They used classics and histories to help essays, and formed a broad consensus on creative ideas, value judgments and aesthetic pursuits. The works, such as the apocalypse, the preface, inscription, generally presented the elegant style of understanding thoroughly, not only providing a writing example for the world’s students but also a positive and far-reaching impact on the style transformation which can be described as the prelude to the “Yan-Xu”.From the autocracy of Wu Zetian to the Kaiyuan era of Xuanzong, the system design of imperial examinations which emphasized on Ci Fu and Strategy was not only related to the cultivation of the stylistic consciousness and aesthetic taste of the elite class but it also created a considerable number of parallel prose saints, laying an extremely broad social foundation for the change of essays in the Tang Dynasty. In order to meet the imperial examination needs of the students, Zayong Shi (《杂咏诗》), Tuyuan Cefu (《兔园策府》) and Chuxue Ji (《初学记》) and other practical “classic books” were born. This kind of literary enlightenment work, which compiles Confucian classics and history materials, follows categories and takes convenience, was initially set up for the counter measures to master the stylistic requirements, and evolve into an indispensable desk reference book for the authors of Ci Fu and the application of parallel prose. In other words, this practical “encyclopedia” is not only the intermediary between the study of classics and history and the writing of essays but also the academic logic of the change of Tang literature.The wave of cultural change based on “Yan-Xu” was different from the past in terms of theme, task and evolution mechanism. Zhang Yue and Su Ting not only had close contacts with contemporary celebrities such as “Zhuying Xueshi” but they also encouraged new comers, thus preparing talent conditions for leading the change of style of writing. They were in prosperous times, faced new cultural development trends, advocated the Confucian classics, dethroned the impetuous through the “imperial edict” and other parallel prose, discussed politics, expressed emotions, hoping to inspire the students and revitalizing the culture. The parallel prose written by them fully expressed the value pursuit of deep thoughts and literary content. In terms of art, Zhang Yue and others always adhered to an open attitude, absorbed all kinds of strong points. They used classics and histories to assist their essays, and combined parallel prose to form elegant words, thus establishing a more dynamic composition method.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 87-96 [Abstract] ( 65 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1396KB] ( 396 )

	97	Shen Wenfan, Xie Mengying

		Clan and Official Career Life of Tang Poet Cui Bei ^Hot!
		Cui Bei was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. At present, seven epitaphs of his family have been unearthed, which can be a good supplement to the less recorded information in history books on Cui Yuan’s family, a branch descendant of Cui Zhiwen. Cui Bei’s origin is the Qinghe Cui Clan, whose great-grandfather, Cui Zhiwen, was the prime minister for Emperor Gaozong, and whose grandfather, Cui Taizhi, was the director of the Ministry of Works. However, his father, Cui Yuan, was little known, with nothing found in history books and no epitaphs unearthed.This essay gives an exhaustive study on poet Cui Bei’s family, official career and his poems with the seven unearthed epitaphs of his family as the main research materials. Cui Yuan, Cui Bei’s father, was the son of Cui Taizhi and his second wife Li. He inherited the title of Duke Qinghe. Researchers found that Cui Yuan and the name “Cui Chengli” inscribed in Cui Taizhi’s epitaph were two different persons. “Cui Chengli” was the son of Cui Taizhi and his first wife Lu. 761 (the second year of the Shangyuan) -766 (the first year of the Dali), taking his mother, wife, and children along, Cui Yuan went to Cui Yuan, a clan relative, for shelter, who was then the chief secretary in the Supreme Military Officer’s Office of Yangzhou. Since then, the descendants of Cui Taizhi lived in the south and never returned to their hometown in the north. In 795 (the eleventh year of Zhenyuan), Cui Yuan died in Wuxing, Huzhou and was buried here. Cui Bei’s brother, Cui Huangzuo, who was an intellectual without official positions and always accompanied Cui Yuan, got married with the daughter of the county officer of Changcheng in Huzhou. One year after Cui Yuan’s death, Cui Huangzuo traveled to Tongguan County and died there in the brigade house. March of spring in 816 (the eleventh year of Yuanhe), Cui Bei died, with the will to move the buried remains of his late family members back into Cui’s hometown ancestral tombs. Therefore, the family of Cui made the major move, lasting over five months, from the burial sites in Yangzhou (within Jianghuai region), Wuxing (in Huzhou), Danyang (in Runzhou), and Tongguan County (near the capital area) respectively. The reburial tasks were undertaken by Quanzhong and Jingyu separately in two different places. First, Quanzhong had Li, Zhao and Yan untombed from the eastern administrative region of Jiangnan, and Jingyu had Cui Huangzuo untombed from the Tongguan County. After that, the two groups joined at their ancestral tombs located in Luoyang. The research of Cui Bei’s Epitaph and related poems chronologically revealed Cui Bei’s official career life as follows.Since 785 (the first year of Zhenyuan), Cui Bei had been inaugurated as an observation inspector in the western administrative region of Jiangnan. In 792 (the eighth year of Zhenyuan), Cui Bei took the office as an inspector in Jianghuai Inspection Bureau on the invitation of Zhang Pang, who was the national transportation official in charge of salt and iron. In 794 (the tenth year of Zhenyuan), Zhang Pang was dismissed from the office for offending Pei Yanling. Although Cui Bei remained in his post, his working location changed from Jiangxi to western Zhejiang. In 795 (the eleventh year of Zhenyuan), Cui Yuan died, and Cui Bei was suspended from his duty in mourning. In 805 (the first year of Yongzhen), Li Qi, the transportation official at that time, was dismissed from the National Salt and Iron Office for an alleged conspiracy against the state, an event which caused Cui Bei, Pei Du, Lu Tan, and some others, to leave the western government office of Zhejiang in succession. In 807 (the second year of Yuanhe), Cui Bei took the job as the Xichuan branch judge on the invitation of Wu Yuanheng. In 810 (the fifth year of Yuanhe), Cui Bei returned to the imperial government to serve as the Imperial Diarist and Minister of Rites. In 811 (the sixth year of Yuanhe), Cui Bei, besides his original work, was appointed to another duty as the Royal Drafter of Edicts or Mandates.Cui Bei and his grandfather, Cui Taizhi, both had their poems and writings preserved. Up till now, six poems, two pieces of writing, and four incomplete verses by Cui Bei and four poems by Cui Taizhi have been found. The study of the poet Cui Bei’s family, official career life, and his poems and writings can contribute to further studies on poets’ families in the Tang Dynasty.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 97-114 [Abstract] ( 89 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1278KB] ( 383 )

	115	Ying Yiwen

		An Intertextual Comparison of Chinese and Western Poetics of Ekphrasis in the Sixteenth Century ^Hot!
		Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote the book Lidai Minghua Ji (《历代名画记》), advocating that “paintings and poems are not divided”. From Chinese theory of “painting and poem having the same origin” to the poems and paintings created by Tang Yin in the Ming Dynasty, such as “Song of the Four Seasons”, Wen Zhengming’s “Waterfall in the Shade of Pines”, the literary expression of poetry and the visual expression of painting in ancient China are mutually interdependent paradigms of creation. In the 16th Century, Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia, Alciatus’s Emblemata, and Valeriano’s Hieroglyphica traced the study of Western Iconography. During the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the phenomenon of intertextuality in ancient Chinese poetry was numerous. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, He Kai wrote the book Shijing Shiben Guyi (《诗经世本古义》), in which he used eight sentences and places of intertextuality.Michelangelo, the Renaissance poet and painter who spent his life composing more than 300 poems, adopted the contextual transformation of ekphrasis, which evolves from the text of language image to the modelling creation with specific themes and rich imagination. His poems and paintings contain the inner logic of artistic creation. The rhythms in Michelangelo’s poetry are similar to those of the Chinese poems and scripts. For example, his verses such as “I’amore a quello” and “I’obrigo strigne” express his hard feelings for his father and brother. John Frederick Nims and Anthony Mortimer’s English translation of Michelangelo’s poems use intertextual rhetoric to express his heartfelt sorrow.In 1511, Michelangelo composed the poem “Colui che fece”, painted “Creation of the Sun, the Moon and Plants” based on the conception of the poem, and illustrated the imagery of the poem in the painting. The painting and the poem mirror each other’s meaning, which could make the overall artistic creation better and better. His poems interpret the essence of art and exhibit his ideas and artistic plans, supporting the creative concepts and thoughts behind the artworks. His poetry and art creation are like body and soul at the same time, whether it is his poetry, painting or sculpture that could embody the same tone and melody, melting into a chord.In the 16th Century, intertextual poetics flourished in China with a long history, showing a rooted intertextuality between poetry and painting. During the same period, Western intertextual poetics was on the rise, as demonstrated in the works of Michelangelo. Intertextuality between poetry and painting has been deeply integrated with culture both in China and the West, but in China it has formed its complete system and transmission method earlier. The superiority of ekphrasis lies in the use of generic images to narrate the unexplained meaning of a poem or text, so that readers can resonate with each other between appreciating the poems and the paintings. For high-level creators, their ideas are endless, and they create in a state of “no boundaries”.Whenever a poet reaches the highest level of creativity, he or she is in a state of mind that makes him or her unconsciously wish to expand the boundaries of his or her “language” such as words and symbols. The creative space and thinking span of the poet is much larger than the rhetorical symbols, while the rhetorical symbols of the poem need to expand the breadth and strength of expression, fully express the creativity of the poet’s ideas and imagination, and perfectly show the picture and situation of the poet’s mind, and express the speechless “extra-poetic voice” in the quiet works. From ancient to modern times, especially in ancient societies where communication was not well developed, the poets’ desire to express their true feelings was shared. Poets’ in the intertextuality between poetry and painting have a common discursive image narrative, and are different in approach but equally satisfactory in result, each having its strong merits.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 115-121 [Abstract] ( 54 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1067KB] ( 314 )

	122	He Lianzhen, Zhang Juan

		Theoretical Perspectives on Fairness: Implications for Fairness Research in Language Testing ^Hot!
		Test fairness has emerged as a prominent topic in the field of language testing since the 1990s. The 18th and 19th Language Testing Research Colloquiums, held in 1996 and 1997 respectively, generated a surge of research interest in this research topic. Until now, fairness has been regarded as a central value of assessment, alongside validity and reliability, in the field of language testing. Despite its importance, an accepted definition of test fairness remains elusive within the language testing community. Clarifying the definition of “fairness” is crucial for understanding the concept of “test fairness”—a foundational step for the subsequent theoretical debates and empirical research in language testing. Given the well-developed theoretical underpinnings of “fairness” in various domains, it is imperative to examine different perspectives adopted to define and operationalize fairness. Meanwhile, valuable insights could be extracted to advance the research on test fairness in the realm of language testing. Following a delineation of various senses of fairness, this article reviews conceptualizations of test fairness through the lenses of educational measurement, professional standards and guidelines, and philosophy. This review article endeavors to provide insights into the theoretical and empirical inquiry of fairness in language testing.Fairness is a complex and multifaceted concept that embraces several senses. The first sense of “fair” can be characterized as “relational”, denoting: (1) receiving what an individual merits or demerits; (2) meeting an individual’s legitimate expectation; and (3) treating like cases alike. The second sense is linked to the value of “respect”, denoting “the respect of each individual’s rights and esteem”. The third sense of “fair” can be labelled as “retrospective”, which refers to “rectifying past unfairness”. The fourth sense of “fair” is “formal”, indicating “adherence to procedural rules by players of a leveling field”. The abovementioned senses of fairness align well with the conceptualization of test fairness as proposed by scholars in the field of language testing.Conceptualizations of fairness differ across different lenses. From the lens of educational measurement, two approaches have been used to conceptualize test fairness: a narrow approach and a broad approach. The former views test fairness as “absence of measurement inaccuracy and bias”. Whereas the latter perceives test fairness as essentially a social concern that extends beyond the psychometric properties of an assessment instrument. In a broad sense, the research scope of test fairness encompasses not only test-takers’ learning opportunities but also test use consequences. Seen through the lens of professional standards and guidelines, a fair test is characterized by the absence of construct irrelevance, as supported by legal documents, rules or guidance authorized by law, authoritative professional guidance, and requirements set by international and regional organizations. Additionally, philosophical thinking has long been concerned with the concept of fairness. Central to Kantian philosophical thought is the notion of “respect for human dignity”. Rawls contends that fairness in decision-making mechanisms is a prerequisite for achieving justice. Sen takes a pragmatic stance, advocating that the recognition and rectification of injustices should be prioritized instead of striving for perfect justice.By delineating the definitions and theoretical propositions of fairness from the perspectives of educational measurement, professional standards and guidelines, and philosophy, this article suggests that research on test fairness should be contextualized, be supported by transparent empirical evidence, and incorporate the voices of different stakeholder groups. Test fairness is not a black-and-white concept. Instead, it exists along a continuum, and by addressing unfairness, fairer assessment instruments and practices can be expected.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 122-130 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 662KB] ( 343 )

	131	Li Zhouyuan

		An Analysis of the Engraving Process of Sixi Canon in Huzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty ^Hot!
		The Sixi Canon (思溪藏) is a Buddhist canon engraved during the Southern Song Dynasty in Huzhou. There are currently several relatively complete editions of this canon found worldwide. Studying this canon is of significant importance for understanding the dissemination of the religious texts in the southern region and the production process of large ancient book series. However, due to past material limitations, our understanding of its engraving history has been unclear. Through comprehensive research on collections from around the world, we have gained new insights by examining various aspects such as the characteristics of the script, content of colophons, presence or absence of phonetic annotations, nature of the publication records, and the table of contents.Currently, we can divide the engraving history of the Sixi Canon into three stages. The first stage occurred around the first year of Jingkang (1126) when the newly constructed Yuanjue Temple received donated scriptures from various sources. Some of these scriptures were used as source texts during the engraving, resulting in residual inscriptions by scribes and peculiar notation formats in the printed edition. In the second stage, the Wang family provided funding, and the canon engraving project was unified and planned, specifically using the Fuzhou Canon (福州藏) as the source text. A small number of experimental classics were printed within the temple. After the successful experiment, the complete canon was officially announced to be engraved in the second year of Shaoxing (1132), and engraving records were left behind. In the third stage, during the Jiaxi and Chunyou reigns (1239-1250), the canon suffered damage, leading to the re-engraving of offprint editions that were circulating among the public. Some damaged blocks were repaired through donations from local residents. These new discoveries provide a fresh perspective on the transition from manuscript to engraved canon and the formation of engraved canon collections.Based on the research in this article, we can summarize new approaches to the study of Chinese Buddhist canons. Firstly, we should break through the limitations imposed by categorizing the three major canon systems based on location and instead focus on the connections between different canons. The study of individual canons should be integrated into the overall understanding of the evolution of Buddhist literature. Secondly, due to the lengthy engraving process of canons, it is necessary to separate and examine the early and later stages. By comparing scriptures from different stages, we can identify textual differences and demonstrate their connections to other canon systems. It is particularly important to note that private engraving of canons, due to limitations in funding and manpower, might have an initial stage with more diverse sources, resulting in a final engraving that differs from the main form of the complete canon. Thirdly, through meticulous comparison of fonts, such as stroke thickness, direction, spacing between characters, different shapes of the same character, and the completion level of difficult strokes, we can identify differences between different engraved canons. Finally, although publication records are crucial primary materials for research, it is unnecessary to be excessively fixated on them. This is because these records may represent separate engraving processes that do not necessarily reflect the engraving time of the main text or the actual start and end time of the complete canon. Furthermore, the examples discussed in this article provide new insights into the transmission of Buddhist literature. It is generally believed that the canons inherited in the Jiangnan region originated from the Fuzhou Canon. However, with the increasing availability of materials, we have discovered that the later canons incorporated materials from various sources, including Buddhist scriptures from the Five Dynasties, ancient scriptural writings from the Northern Song Dynasty, and offprint editions from the Southern Song Dynasty. These later canons preserved valuable materials from the early stages. Importantly, the early scattered engraving stage of canons is likely closely related to manuscript literature, and the example of the Sixi Canon discussed in this article reflects an important stage in the transition from manuscript literature to engraved literature in the southern region.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 131-146 [Abstract] ( 119 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5658KB] ( 347 )

	147	Xu Huan

		Early Tang Dynasty Literati and the Evolution of Political Career Advance via Literature ^Hot!
		The political and literary activities of the early Tang Dynasty literati contributed to the evolution of political career advance via literature, which in turn influenced the composition and turnover of the elite political groups of the Tang dynasty.Firstly, Li Shimin’s group and Li Tai’s group were engaged in the activities of the crown prince’s disputes in the name of literary talent, and those political disputes led to a special road of political career advance via literature. Both groups carried out their political struggles under the cover of their literary fame, which ultimately led to the different fates of the members. Due to the defeat of Li Tai’s group, its members were caught in a severe political crisis, which led to anxiety about the literati identity, and the value of literature that they boasted was self-deconstructed.Secondly, the literary community centered on the noble relatives and court officials held the expectations of literary scholars in the capital for career advancement, and its complex facets reflected the conflicting views of the courtiers on the state’s personnel policies. Li Shimin and Li Tai attached importance to literature, which aroused the literati’s political enthusiasm. The literary community of Yang Shidao’s Banquet showed the double face of “colleague” and “clique” in the relationship, and expressed the contradictory mentality of “advancement” and “seclusion”. The core of the conflict between the two sides was not only about their own political situation, but also reflected their political ambiguity over human resources.Thirdly, the operation mechanism of the transfer of literary power manifested itself as a two-way linkage between literature and career advancement, and the compatibility of the two gradually became the ideal situation for the literati. In the context of the revival of Confucianism in the early Tang Dynasty, the value of literature was often deconstructed and stigmatized, while the dynasty’s high-ranking officials were divided by the struggle for discourse power. As a victor in the struggle for the position of queen, Xu Jingzong merged literary and political power, promoting the transformation of literary ideology from northern to southern systems. Along with the deepening of the Wuzhou revolution, more literary scholars were able to participate in politics and attach themselves to the ruling power, and the interaction between the literature power and political power was particularly intense and varied.The early Tang Dynasty literati was an important force in the evolution of political career advance via literature. From the crown prince’s disputes to the struggle for the position of the queen, and to the revolution of Wuzhou, lurked behind the frequent political struggles in the early Tang Dynasty was the history of the struggle for political power between the literati and the old. The intensification of the conflict between the two sides eventually led to a leap in the political status of the literati, which not only opened up space for political career advance via literature, but also laid the foundation for the literary prosperity and the cultural transformation of the Tang Dynasty.
		2024 Vol. 54 (5): 147-160 [Abstract] ( 63 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1028KB] ( 337 )

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