JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2022 Vol.52 Number 8
	2022, Vol.52 Num.8
	Online: 2022-08-10

	Artcile

Artcile

	5	Duan Fan

		Theoretical and Practical Logic of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law ^Hot!
		Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has been talking about a series of major issues including why the country should be governed by law in the new era and how to govern the country by law in a comprehensive manner. He has conducted a comprehensive analysis, in-depth thinking, careful study and judgment, and in-depth answers, published a series of important expositions on comprehensively governing the country according to law, and proposed a series of new concepts, new thoughts and new strategies for comprehensively governing the country according to law, made a series of major decisions and deployments regarding the comprehensive rule of law, led and carried out a series of theoretical innovations of the rule of law and innovations in practicing the rule of law, clarified the political direction, important position, work layout, key tasks, important relationships, and important guarantees of the comprehensive rule of law in the country, and innovatively developed the theory of the rule of law of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese Communist Party’s original mission is “seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation” over the past century. Since the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China has focused on promoting the wisdom and excellence of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in China, especially the Chinese Communist Party’s firm will to enforce the rule of law and build the rule of law, promoted and urged the formation of Xi Jinping’s rule of law thought. The reason why China’s socialist rule of law has undergone historic changes and achieved historic achievements is because of the correct guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law answers a series of major issues such as why the country should be governed by law in the new era and how to govern the country by law in a comprehensive manner. It is a theory of the rule of law rooted in, focused on and facing the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is essentially different from the Western rule of law theories. It is also an inheritance, innovation and development of the socialist rule of law theory with Chinese characteristics which reflects the innovation of the theoretical system of the rule of law in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, which includes a series of resources of new China’s rule of law governance system, has radically reformed, optimized the upgrading and upgrading of the rule of law governance system in the new era, enriched the connotation of the governance system of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, expanded the extension of the governance system of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, is a deployment of the optimal combination of the rule of law system in the new era, a sound development of the rule of law system in the new era, enhancing the system characteristics of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, promoting the maturity of the socialist rule of law system with Chinese characteristics. It is a new development of the socialist legal system.Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, is the latest achievement of the rule of law theory which was mainly created and made outstanding contributions by Xi Jinping. It reflects a combination of the socialist rule of law theory and rule of law practice, and the unity of the theoretical logic of Marxist rule of law and the practical logic of the rule of law in an all-round way. Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law is rich in Chinese characteristics, has Chinese style, conveys Chinese wisdom, expresses Chinese solutions, has world significance, and continuously combines theory and practice to form a new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is the latest achievement of the Sinicization of Marxist theory of rule of law that unifies theoretical logic and practical logic.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 5-18 [Abstract] ( 288 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 667KB] ( 281 )

	19	Guo Jingyi, Jiang Fen

		A Study of the Important Expositions on Education Equality in Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law ^Hot!
		As a foundation of social equality, education equality is an important connotation of the People’s good life. In the exploration of building the rule of law in China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has always emphasized that “it is necessary to continuously promote the achievements of educational development to benefit all people more and more fairly, and promote social equality and justice through education equality”.Education is the great plan of the nation, and the nation prospers when education prospers. The important exposition on education equality in Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law is an inevitable result of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law implementing in the field of education. It is founded on the Marxist theory of education equality. It abandons the defects of the contemporary Western education equality theory, scientifically summarizes the beneficial experience of the CPC’s century-long struggle in education equality, and provides new solutions to cope with the new challenges in the new era.Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law scientifically understands and accurately analyzes the main contradictions in the field of education, guides the reform of education through rule of law thinking and rule of law methods, builds and improves the education system, and ensures that the people have the right to “better education” through “the most reliable and stable governance” method. “Upholding the leadership of the Party” is the political guarantee for achieving education equality. “Adhering to the people as the centre” is the fundamental purpose of practicing education equality. “Persisting in advancing the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance” is the interpretation of revealing the characteristics of the times of upgraded education equality.Standing at the new starting point in the second century of the Party’s history, the education system needs to accelerate self-innovation, to lay a solid foundation for building a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and building a great socialist modern country in every dimension in the new era, and strive to support the future of the country and the nation. The imbalance in the development of education has changed from the imbalance between regions and the populations into the imbalance between different categories and different sectors of education. At the same time, the inadequacy of the development of education has also shifted from the inadequacy of the total supply of educational resources to the inadequacy of the supply categories of educational products and the inadequacy of the supply level. In order to build an education system that is “equal to everyone”, “suitable for everyone”, “accompanied by everyone’s life” and “flexible and open”, a series of changes need to be made in the construction of the rule of law in education. Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law points out the path and direction for developing education equality. It proposes to enhance our own epochality, inclusiveness and scientificity, and answer the fundamental questions of “for whom to cultivate people, what kind of people to cultivate, and how to cultivate people” with actions. The key to listening to the people’s voices and answering the “people’s questions” lies in encouraging the participation of multiple parties, reforming the pattern of education supply, improving the quality of education products, and enriching the categories of education products. The core of answering the “question of the times” lies in scientifically understanding the law of social development, governing the country and education according to law, and then promoting the transformation of our country from a “big country in education” to a “strong country in education”. The focus of answering to the “China question” is on procedural justice, effectively restricting the exercise of power, smoothing the path of remedies for rights, and opening up a more effective dispute resolution mechanism in the field of education.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 19-27 [Abstract] ( 528 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 634KB] ( 357 )

	28	Hu Weibin, Huang Zuhui

		Rural Collective Property Rights System Reform and Trust Enhancement in Villages: An Empirical Study ^Hot!
		As a key dimension of emotional governance in rural communities, trust plays a key role in lubricating the construction of social order and economic development in villages. Due to the mobility of rural population, the weakening of collective identity and the loss of collective assets, the traditional trust system in villages is gradually disappearing, which is reflected by the weakening of trust on both the formal institutions and interpersonal relationships. The reform of rural collective property rights, as an important institutional innovation, not only involves the growth and development of the rural collective economy and protects the villagers’ property rights and interests, but also has an important impact on the reconstruction of the trust system within a village. There have been a rich body of researches on the former aspect of performance, but the latter has received little attention from scholars and empirical research on the trust of the reform in the village is rare. In order to fill this research gap, this study creatively explores the spillover impact of the rural collective property rights system reform on the trust from the perspective of institutional evolution and property rights order change, by using the survey data of 1,657 farmers from 87 villages in 18 provinces. The study enriches and expands the research on the relationship between collective property rights reform and effective rural governance.The main findings of this study are as follows. First, as for institutional trust, the rural collective property rights system reform has a significant positive impact on the villagers’ trust on village Party branches, village committees and local judicial departments, among which the impact on village Party branches is the strongest, followed by that on village committees. However, the rural collective property rights system reform does not have any significant effect on the villagers’ trust on the county and township governments. As for interpersonal trust, the reform significantly promotes the villagers’ interpersonal trust on their relatives and friends, close neighbors and other fellow villagers, among which the impact on the trust on the other fellow villagers is the greatest. The above estimation results have passed the robustness test. The impact of the reform on the trust on outsiders is not significant, because outsiders are not direct stakeholders of the reform in the village. The effects of collective property rights system reform on village trust are heterogeneous. At the village level, the impact of the reform on the trust on village Party branches and village committees is larger in non-traditional villages in coastal areas, while the effect of trust on the local judiciary is larger in traditional villages in coastal areas. The effects are significantly positive in non-traditional villages and coastal villages. Based on an analysis on individual farmers, the effect of trust on the “two committees” of the villages is larger for farmers engaged in non-agricultural work than for those who are only engaged in farming. In addition, the reform of the rural collective property rights system enhances the role of village cadres as village agents, improves the work style of performing their duties, and actively safeguards the interests of the village, which effectively eases the relationship between the cadres and the villagers and reshapes the village trust system.The above results have important implications for the coordinated promotion of rural collective property rights system reform and public emotion governance in villages. First, the government should take the reform of the rural collective property right system as an opportunity to speed up the cultivation and construction of the village trust system, and promote the material and spiritual prosperity of the villagers. Second, it is desirable to strengthen the construction of village organizations and cadre team, thereby to fortify the dual roles of village cadres as state agents and community agents. The cadre team should not only implement the policies of higher level governmental organizations, but also actively deliver the demands of the villagers upwards, thus to improve the villagers’ trust on the formal institutions and their sense of collective identity.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 28-46 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1787KB] ( 439 )

	47	Zhao Guochao, Yu Xiaofen, Xu Luyuan

		Residential Satisfaction among Rural Migrant Workers under the Concept of “Homes for All Workers”: A Study Based on the Migrant Population of Zhejiang Province in 2020 ^Hot!
		Solving the housing problem for rural migrant workers and realizing “Homes for All Workers” is a basic requirement of people-centered development philosophy. In the past, rural migrant workers flooded into cities, making important contributions to the rapid development of urban economy. However, the housing problem of most migrant workers still exists during this survey. There are problems such as crowded housing and incomplete supporting facilities. For the rural migrant workers, housing is the most basic material condition for them to work and live in cities. Improving the housing status of rural migrant workers and improving their residential satisfaction are of great significance for promoting the healthy development of urban economy.The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following two aspects. One is the innovation of research perspective. In the study of residential satisfaction, difference in research groups may lead to difference in research results. However, few of the existing researches focus on a specific group, and the researches on migrant workers need to be supplemented. Another is the innovation of research content. Residential satisfaction is a comprehensive evaluation index, which can be affected by many factors. A single factor can not reflect the change of migrant workers’ satisfaction. However, there is a lack of researches on the correlation between influencing factors.Based on the sampling survey of floating population in Zhejiang Province in 2020, we mainly focus on the residential satisfaction of migrant workers and 11,298 valid questionnaires were obtained. Furthermore, a Multivariate Logistic Model was used to analyze the main factors affecting residential satisfaction, and the correlation between the influencing factors were analyzed on the basis of traditional researches. The research shows that housing conditions, number of people living together, and living area have more impact on the residential satisfaction compared with income and rental costs, while housing conditions are the most important factor. Among housing conditions, kitchens, sound insulation, and lighting have a greater impact. To further explore the cross impact, four composite variables are constructed to carry out a correlation analysis. Results show that the impact of composite variables is more obvious compared with single variables while per capita living area and rental income ratio are more significant. As the per capita living area decreases, the probability that rural migrant workers tend to be negatively evaluated increases. With the decrease of the rental income ratio, the probability of negative evaluation appears to be an inverted U shape. We believe that various factors should be taken into account to solve the housing problem of migrant workers. First, the housing conditions of migrant workers should be improved, especially sound insulation and lighting. Second, cost-effective rental housing and employee dormitories for migrant workers should be built through the balancing of the factors affecting residential satisfaction. Third, we should regulate the management of the housing market of migrant workers and supervise unreasonable residence.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 47-57 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1110KB] ( 268 )

	58	Wang Zhikai, He Chong, Wang Xuefan

		High-quality Development and the Innovation Path of the Private Economy in Zhejiang Province in the New Era ^Hot!
		The development of Zhejiang private economy is the most successful regional innovation since China’s reform and opening up. This has laid down the historical position of Zhejiang in China’s regional market development, industrialization and urbanization. The institutional advantages of Zhejiang Province are the grand resources for the path innovation of private economic development. The institutional advantages support the growth and development of Zhejiang private firms in the process of marketization, internationalization, and digital transformation, continuously pursuing the innovational path for radiating more areas and even covering greater markets, achieving further openness and great-leap-forward development. The development of Zhejiang Private Sector has been optimizing the structure of Zhejiang economy, empowering the state-owned enterprises while promoting regional economic development level, significantly improving people’s lives and the social production system, optimizing the development and prosperity of China’s market economy with Chinese socialist characteristics. Socialism with Chinese characteristic has entered a new era since the 18th CPC Congress. The development of private economy has since been continuously moving forward along the path of innovation in Zhejiang Province through constructing the demonstration areas of “Two-Health” , stimulating the private entrepreneurship, and promoting private firms to play a greater role in achieving even high-quality development.In order to create a better business environment, the government’s power has to be constrained and the power cannot be allowed to expand willfully. Otherwise, the government may become a distraction to the normal operations of the enterprises. The government acts in good faith and shall be better by not making any promises or guarantees on competitive market issues, nor will it rat on any promises at will. Zhejiang takes a leading position in establishing the integrity of government affairs. The integrity of entrepreneurs has become the ethos of Zhejiang. At the same time, the protection of property rights should be further strengthened so as to stabilize the market confidence and the expectations of entrepreneurs (including private entrepreneurs, legal persons, partners and investors of various economic entities). Only when the property right market of different ownerships is protected by the same law can entrepreneurship be stimulated, will private enterprises be willing to increase production, the innovation and entrepreneurship of the whole society be encouraged, and high-quality development of the Chinese economy be achieved. Reducing and curbing administrative intervention is an important way to improve the efficiency of production factors, reducing transaction costs, and stimulating entrepreneurship and innovation. It is also the content of building a close, clean relationship between government and business. Digital governance in Zhejiang is at the forefront of the whole country. It is necessary to continue to vigorously promote the reform of license administration and the standardization construction of public services, promoting the transfer of government affairs services from the entity government affairs hall to the online office hall, and improving the timeliness and convenience for the market players to get the attentive public services.Through the efforts with considerate services, we will help private enterprises increase investment in technological innovation and brand construction, gradually establish independent brands of commodities that can monopolize the pricing power of market, pioneering the road of innovation-driven development, and promoting private enterprises to help Zhejiang construct a common prosperity demonstration zone or flagship in its high-quality growth and development.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 58-69 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 703KB] ( 382 )

	70	Guo Qin

		Exploring the Psychological Mechanism of Fan Worship and Its Multi-causality ^Hot!
		Fan cult is related to its social interaction and personal psychological identity， group and self-value projection， emotional projection， and other multi-causal psychological factors. As an important dimension of the multidimensional psychological mechanism of fans， the cult of identification has associative， adoring， sympathetic， purifying， and ironic characteristics， and these five types of identification are not either/or， but intersect and flow. Fan identification is often accompanied by adoration， which is often linked to power. In a highly structured and circled group of specific fans， a common favorite idol becomes a charismatic authority due to organizational exclusivity and recognition. In order to gain recognition outside the circle， idols are often made to focus on a “positive” persona. The psychology of individual recognition as a fan of a particular artist is inseparable from the halo effect and quasi-social interaction. The fact that fans are more dedicated and invested in their idols than normal people is related to the projection of self-worth and emotions that arise from the individual fan’s psychological identity， and brings about empathy and compensation. Social attributes determine that all fan identities are formed in social scenarios， and fans in different circles will often seek group identity and external social identity after completing their individual-level identities to reach an interactive community based on “co-construction of group identity”. Identity explains the psychological path from audience to fans， and the characteristics of fans of different ages are different and cannot be generalized. How to guide the healthy development of the fan circle may become the key to future researches.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 70-84 [Abstract] ( 282 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1013KB] ( 632 )

	85	Zhu Xin

		Passions and Order: Burke’s Sublime Theory and the Establishment of Political Order ^Hot!
		“Hobbesian problem of order”, as the core issue of modern political philosophy, poses a severe challenge to the modern society: how to establish a stable and lasting normative order while enabling individuals to achieve self-preservation in a modern society where individual freedom is highly valued? Based on the relationship between passions and order, Edmund Burke’s political philosophy provides an inspiring perspective for a profound understanding of the malaise of political modernity and solving the Hobbesian problem of order. Burke’s scheme, while inheriting Hobbes, has made a great revision. On the one hand, similar to Hobbes, Burke also regards self-love as the most fundamental passion of human beings and social passions as the necessary means to satisfy self-love for the normative structure required by a stable social order. In order to make up for the deficits of social affection in a large-scale society, the most fundamental solution for Burke, like Hobbes, is to appeal to the fear imposed by the sublimity of political authority. Governments dispose over instruments of power, and the threat of their use evokes the passions associated with the sublime, which draws people back to their duties and thus guarantees the normative order of coexistence. On the other hand, Burke finds this sort of blanket answer to the problem of deficits of social affection to be inadequate, since external coercive forces alone could not form a positive social bond as well as integrate social life into an organic whole. Individuals are structurally isolated and antagonistic in economic life; there would seem nothing but abstract rights to link one subject to the other in the political arena. Therefore, Burke attempts to build a bridge between self and others through the reinterpretation of the notion of natural sociability, and thence revises Hobbes’ scheme to a large extent. The public value of beauty has been regarded as increasingly crucial for maintaining the strength of social affection in a large-scale society. Through the harmonizing effect of the beautiful on the sublime, the whole middle region of social life between individual and state is restored. Among the three elements of the notion of natural sociability—sympathy, imitation and ambition, Burke tries to restrain the destructive power released by the infinite expansion of ambition passion through sympathy and imitation passions, so that people can realize the return of human nature from self-esteem to self-love. First of all, sympathy, as the main social passion, partakes of the nature of those regarding self-preservation. Delight derived from pain then awakens people’s awareness of their own fragility and finitude, thus restraining the infinite expansion of ambition and establishing a link between self-love and social concern. However, Burke endorses the partiality of sympathy rather than universal sympathy. In order to balance the emotional difference between particular society and general society, Burke tries to utilize the moral imagination of sympathy to reshape the political order through familial affections, so that power is softened by love and beauty is gradually included within the sublimity of the masculine power. Secondly, imitation, another important social passion, is characterized by mutual compliance and serves as one of the strongest social bonds. Habits derived from imitation transform people’s “first nature” into “second nature”, thus bridging the gap between blind individualism and abstract universalism. At the political level, in virtue of the “beginningless” nature of habits, Burke attempts to tame the revolution by hiding the truth about the origin of authority behind the natural appearance of custom and prescription. On this basis, sublimity is less intimately connected with a spatial relation and more closely associated with a temporal one and agedness is no longer an imperfection that dilutes sublimity. Instead, agedness evokes people’s awareness of mortality, assisting them to acquire humble and prudent knowledge of the real world. Hence they become content with their limited possessions, and establish a boundary between himself and others. In summary, possessive individualism prevailing in the modern Western society abandons everyone to his own private space, dissolves all positive bonds between them and thrusts them into mutual conflicts. Faced with this dilemma, Burke realizes that relying on the coercive power of the state alone is unsatisfactory, therefore he regards social passions as the necessary complement to reshape the sense of unity of men, so as to bridge the gap between absolute individualism and abstract rationalism and integrate individuals into a cohesive whole without loss of individuality.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 85-96 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 815KB] ( 485 )

	97	Hu Qiuyan

		A Study of the Newly Unearthed Epitaphs of Music and Dance in the Tang Dynasty ^Hot!
		The music and dance of the Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the development of music and dance in China. Among the newly unearthed gravestone epitaphs, many are related to music and dance, which provide us with original materials to study the system, the identity of the practitioners, the characteristics of music and dance in the Tang Dynasty, and the social background and artistic atmosphere in which music and dance were produced.The music in the gravestone epitaphs shows that a man named Li Chengxia was five years old when he played “damozhi”, “wuchou” and other songs. He was taught by Wang Changtong at the age of seven to play music and Kucha Buddhist songs, indicating that before the ten yuebu were formulated in the early Tang Dynasty, nine yuebu of the Sui Dynasty were still being followed, among which Kucha music was the most important, and Wang Changtong was an important figure in playing Kucha yuebu. Therefore, the gravestone epitaph mentions twice that Wang Changtong taught Li Chengxia music.Of the gravestone epitaphs of the Imperial Music Office and the Pear Theatre among the Tang Dynasty’s music and dance institutions the most important is the Pear Theatre and the Imperial Music Office. The two are both related and different. “The Gravestone Epitaph of Zhang Jian” written by Zhang Yuansun records his experience of serving in the Pear Theatre. Zhang Jian was good at yuefu and singing. He traveled in the local Fanzhen shogunate. He served in the first department (diyibu) of the Pear Theatre, the highest department, by the order of Emperor Muzong of the Tang Dynasty. It is clear that Zhang Jian was quite valued by the court. “The Gravestone Epitaph of Cao Qianlin” records that Cao was recruited by the inner court, becoming one of the Pear Theatre artisans. After the An Lushan rebellion, Cao left the court, sojourning in the Jiangnan region and serving the Huaixi shogunate. Cao remained emotionally attached to the Pear Theatre throughout his life time.The music registration in the gravestone epitaphs is note worthy. In the Tang Dynasty, from the central government to the prefectures and counties, from military camps to local regions, music institutions were established to manage music and dance. This was the “music registration” system. From the “The Gravestone Epitaph of Dongshi” written by Li Zhi, it can be seen that the musicians in the central music registration system had a high status, as the epitaph was written by the Hanlin scholar. “The Gravestone Epitaph of Lu Chengde”, “The Gravestone Epitaph of Shen Zirou” and “The Gravestone Epitaph of Zhang Sanying” all record the situation of local musicians. Because they had more social experiences, they often made acquaintances with the literati and poets. The poems of the Tang Dynasty reflect their social bonding, which can be compared with epitaph records.Music and dance skills are also recorded in the gravestone epitaphs. The epitaphs, such as “The Gravestone Epitaph of Yan Shi” by Tian Yu, and “The Gravestone Epitaph of Chen Taiyi” by Li Huan record women performers, highlighting their skills and body appearances. Music and dance of the Tang Dynasty were rich and complex in that most of them came from foreign countries and ethnic groups. These music and dances can give the audience a sense of novelty. The practitioners also had professional training and special expertise. For example, “The Gravestone Epitaph of Hao Run” by Cui Zhuo, and “The Gravestone Epitaph of Lu Chengde” by Lu Bianzhi record the “Zhezhi dance” system, which can be compared with the literary works like “Fu on Viewing Shuang Zhezhi Dance in Hunan” by Lu Zhao, and “Zhezhi Courtesan” by Bai Juyi.The identities and fates of women practitioners are also shown in the epitaphs. They all came from poor families, families in decline, families of music artisans, or families of other low social status. Some of them came from brothels. They were either enlisted in the music registration system, or became concubines of rich and powerful people. The epitaphs show that most of them did not live long and had a miserable life because of maltreatment and poor medical conditions.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 97-108 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1376KB] ( 416 )

	109	Han Shuangmiao, Xie Jing

		China’s Education Reforms Through Policy Experimentation: An Analytical Framework ^Hot!
		The highly contingent nature of the policy process and China’s unique policy environment have made it difficult to apply public policy theories from the West to explain how China’s policy process works. Existing studies propose that policy experimentation (PE) is a distinctive mechanism for understanding how China makes policy changes and innovative reforms. PE describes a policy process in which local experiments are used to generate innovative policy options, with the possibility of being replicated on a larger scale following a “from point to surface” approach, or even incorporated into national policies for nationwide reforms. However, the existing scholarship on PE focuses primarily on empirical cases of economic and social reforms, not reforms in education. Moreover, few attempts have been made to investigate PE from a theoretical perspective.Against this backdrop, the study proposes an analytical framework for understanding and explaining how China’s education reforms have been enabled through policy experimentation. The three key concepts in this process as structure, activity, and the state, and the relationships among them constitute the basic entities of PE. More specifically, in the existing institutional structure and environment, local actors (such as local governments and schools) and the state (such as the State Council and Ministry of Education) are active agents in the PE process that use a range of strategies and activities for the articulation and negotiation of interests. Efficiency and legitimacy are the logics that govern the agents’ beliefs and understandings of PE, and subsequently shape their behaviours. The intergovernmental learning mechanism is the key to understanding the methodological path of PE. Driven by coercive, mimetic and normative pressures, PE stimulates increased communications and interactions among various levels of government, and forms an efficient and effective learning mechanism for achieving policy innovations and their diffusion while constituting an integral part of the country’s governance system.The study uses the analytical framework to empirically examine a case study which features the independent college experimental reform. Initiated by Suzhou University in 1998, the university innovatively collaborated with social enterprises to establish an independent college. Such a new form of higher education institutions that used social investment instead of governmental funding had attracted great attention from the government and the society. More universities actively imitated the experimental measure to enhance the educational efficiency while alleviating the financial pressures caused by the national higher education expansion campaign that started in 1999. With its perceived benefits, the state granted the legitimacy of the local experiments in 2003, which further promoted the adoption and diffusion of this experimental measure across the country. During the expansion stage, however, many problems emerged, which caused great controversies over the legitimacy of the independent college reform in the Chinese context. Consequently, the state initiated stricter regulations of the independent college reform. In response, local governments and universities involved in the experiment formed various new strategies for addressing the state’s policy demands and the new social context. Engaging with the analytical framework of policy experimentation, the study investigates the key policy actors and their relationships in the process, their interactions and the beliefs governing their strategic behaviours, as well as how their interactions and power negotiations influence the policy process and reform process. The study enriches the theoretical discussion regarding China’s policy experimentation and policy process while contributing to a better understanding of China’s multi-layered, entangled educational reform process from a distinctive perspective.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 109-121 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 966KB] ( 453 )

	122	Huang Juchen, Zhao Qiang

		Essential Properties and Functions of Academic Conferences: A Field Theory-based Perspective ^Hot!
		Based on the ideas and perspectives of Bourdieu’s “field theory”, this paper focuses on the essential properties and functions of academic conferences from the core concepts and perspectives of capital, inherent habits, actors and their strategies. The analysis reveals that: (1) academic conferences are rich in connotation and form. Academic conferences are not only a concept of physical space in daily existence, a product of social life, a medium and means of exchanging academic ideas and producing knowledge, but also an aggregated network of relationships formed by individual scholars or academic organizations and other actors in different positions and the academic resources and even academic power they occupy, while their operation relies on the academic reputation, academic values, academic attitudes, academic resources and other specific capital recognized by peers. At the same time, its operation depends on the existence and supply of specific capital such as peer-recognized academic reputation, academic values, academic attitudes, and academic resources, while academic responsibilities and academic norms maintain and regulate the structure and order of academic activities as unique forms of habits, and together make academic conferences always maintain a dynamic tension. (2) Under the extension of the above meaning, academic conferences have multiple functions. ①Academic discipline and control. The academic conference is a microcosmic place for constructing various kinds of order and relationships related to academic activities. Academic conferences initiated by academic communities can provide professional discourse, technical and theoretical norms and methods for individual academic activities; ②Linking and exchanging resources. Academic conferences are essentially a kind of “resource link,” adhering to the principle of mutual benefit and complementarity of resources, in which resource demanders and resource providers exchange resources to achieve a win-win situation; ③Knowledge production and innovation. The academic conference takes the activities related to knowledge production, dissemination and service as its responsibility, and assumes the role of “knowledge gatekeeper”. (3) Academic conferences have their own unique operation logic and mechanism in specific disciplines, but they also reveal some of their current problems: the “alienation” of academic norms induced by the intervention of external administrative forces, the “polarization” of resource distribution caused by the monopoly of a few academic elites, and the utilitarianism of the assessment and evaluation system. However, it also reveals some of its current problems: the “alienation” of academic norms induced by the intervention of external administrative forces, the “polarization” of resource distribution caused by the monopoly of a few academic elites, and the “weakening” of intellectual innovation brought by the utilitarian orientation of the assessment and evaluation system. (4) In order to better play the role of academic conferences, the academic quality and communication effects of academic conferences should be improved by introducing institutional regulatory documents, regulating the participation behavior of administrative leaders, optimizing the management system of academic conferences, promoting diversity and inclusion of participants and establishing a reasonable assessment and evaluation system of academic conferences. Finally, the contribution and value of this paper lies in the theoretical interpretation and analysis of an important academic phenomenon that is often overlooked in the academic world from the perspective of “field theory”, which is the first time to clarify the essential attributes and functions of academic conferences in domestic research, and to use it as a “window” to guide people to pay attention to deeper issues, including: where are the academic tribes and their groups going in their overall value pursuit in the academic system? What is the real-life situation of scholars? How to build a healthy academic ecological landscape in a country? And so on.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 122-133 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 740KB] ( 373 )

	134	Ye Ye, Wei Roujia

		A New Interpretation on the Original Stories of the “Yuefu Bian” by Wang Shizhen ^Hot!
		The famous poem-suite “Yuefu Bian” by Wang Shizhen is influential among the “music bureau” works of the Ming Dynasty. These poems have received much attention from later critics and academicians. It is commonly agreed that the twenty-two poems include twelve pieces from Yanzhou Shanren Sibu Gao and ten pieces from Yanzhou Shanren Xugao. According to Wang Shizhen’s own preface, all these works are composed to allude to contemporary affairs. With the research efforts of Shen Deqian, Chen Tian, and Xu Shuofang, nineteen poems are validated with direct references to certain people and affairs, but three remains ambiguous: “A Harsh Lord （Bao Gongzi）”, “Song for the Red Uniform Riders of Lord of the Imperial Guard （Jinwu Tiqi Xing）”, and “Song for Faithful Woman Ling （Ling Jiefu Xing）”. Recently, while annotating the poem-suite “Yuefu Bian”, a new view on the original stories of the “Yuefu Bian” has emerged. This view is based on the analysis of the narrative techniques, especially the intertextuality between the title and content of the poem, the cross-referencing between literary and historical methodology, as well as the comprehensive usage of individual collections and historical records. Also, the total number of this poem-suite is to be reconsidered. Through studying earlier works such as Huangming Wenzheng and Huangming Shuchao, it is clear that “A Harsh Lord （Bao Gongzi）” refers to the shameless corruption of Yan Maoqing during his term as a supervisor on salt taxation between 1557 and 1561; “Song for the Red Uniform Riders of Lord of the Imperial Guard” refers to the terrifying conduct of Imperial Bodyguards of the Jiajing Reign who killed innocent people to obtain military rewards; “Song for Faithful Woman Ling （Ling Jiefu Xing）” is to praise the high morality of Lady Zhang, the mother of Ling Li, Prefect of Jianchang, since she destroyed her own appearance in order to remain a widow and raise her son. Furthermore, with a close reading of the text and its historical references, this paper argues that the poem “A Frank Censor-in-chief （Zhi Zhongcheng）” is not a praise of Cao Bangfu, considering the poetic plots of the fearless dissuasion to the throne and the experiences of imprisonment, but a criticism of Hai Rui, the Grand Coordinator of Yingtian Superior Prefecture, who governed inappropriately and abusively acknowledged many accusation cases from 1569 to 1570. This paper also argues, based on an examination of the relationship with the Japanese pirates, that “The High Terrace of Yue （Yuetai Gao）” is not to satirize Zhao Wenhua, but to satirize Hu Zongxian, the Supreme Commander of Military Affairs in Zhejiang and Fujian. Being an able official who successfully defended the Japanese pirates, Hu also indulged himself in sexual entertainment, withholding taxation, and bribing Yan Song. Finally, by scrutinizing the original story, main ideas and historical sources, this paper argues that “Song for Faithful Woman Ling （Ling Jiefu Xing）” is very different from the other works of the poem-suite. This poem is irrelevant to contemporary affairs. It is a work entrusted by her son Ling Li. Therefore, there are only eleven pieces in “Yuefu Bian” in Yanzhou Shanren Sibu Gao, and the entire poem-suite counts only twenty-one pieces.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 134-146 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2411KB] ( 290 )

	147	Zheng Beijun, Zhao Xinyue

		A Study of the Function Mechanism of Zhejiang Economic Associations on Grassroots Governance in the Qing Dynasty ^Hot!
		Economic associations, based on the system of property rights, have existed for a long time and spread widely in the traditional Chinese society. The associations surpass the limits of natural persons and play a significant role in income distribution, providing social security and maintaining social order. This paper provides a theoretical framework to explain how economic associations function as grassroots governance providers in Zhejiang Province during the Qing Dynasty. It systematically studies the forming reasons of their governance role, in order to improve the understanding of civil society’s participation in grassroots governance from a historical perspective.Firstly, spontaneously organized economic associations correspond with people’s aspiration for wealth and equality in terms of income distribution. The associations can effectively improve the economic efficiency by innovating the financing system, enhancing the credit mechanism, reducing the transaction cost and integrating the transaction market. In the primary distribution, resource allocation is based on benefit sharing in order to narrow the income distribution gap. As tax payers, the associations take social risks, engage in the redistribution of production factors, and act as tax agents by way of “tax farming”. In addition, the economic associations’ enhancement of social security with its informal power accords with the third income distribution by civil society under the Kaldor-Hicks improvement.Secondly, economic associations are non-governmental and non-profitable, which verifies the possibility of public goods providers existing outside the government and the market. Economic associations provide public goods in three aspects: public facilities, local education and social relief. Therefore, in terms of public goods provision, the associations are diversified, and can provide all-round and multi-level public goods to the grassroots society.Thirdly, economic associations have numerous types, wide distribution, large quantity, outstanding mobilization and organization ability, which enables them to gather public consensus effectively and express the demands of the people. With shared beliefs and pursuits, the associations shoulder the responsibility of social education, which enhances their political status. They not only help the floating population take turns to work the land, but also maintain the social security and the market and social order by using their rules and regulations, serving as a bridge connecting the central government and the grassroots society.Fourthly, the local government can indirectly manage the grassroots society with the help of non-governmental forces, realizing low-cost centralized governance and providing institutional space for a diversified governance system. Under the background of economic change and the reform of the financial system, economic associations among other civil societies come to play a governance role in people’s socioeconomic life. The sustainability of self-formed, self-managed, and self-operated economic associations are guaranteed by its property which can be expected to multiply. Supported by the property rights system and based on the organizational structure, economic associations show a democratic color and the institutional creativity of civil society.Compared with the gentry and other individual forces, the institutional foundation and internal logic of economic associations as grassroots governance providers are more remarkable. In Zhejiang Province in the Qing dynasty, economic associations characterized by autonomy, democratization and organization are the principals of grassroots governance. In certain regions, groups, and the handling of certain affairs, the associations are close to the formal power regarding order construction, contributing to a diversified grassroots governance system.
		2022 Vol. 52 (8): 147-160 [Abstract] ( 382 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1040KB] ( 451 )

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