JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

O Pinhal or Mount Ya, situated at the mouth of Xijiang, was well known for the Naval Battle of Yamen in 1279. This made the mount a historical and cultural symbol in the heart of the Han Chinese. Few people could imagine that the Portuguese, Spaniards and Dutch had reached China Sea and competed to win a commercial port at this mount in three hundred years.

After the Portuguese were allowed to reside in Macao, they kept moving about among Guangdong islands and harbors. The Pinhal had become their important porto da veniaga, or port of trade. Catholic rituals were operated by Jesuits in Pinhal, which were regarded as blasphemous conducts to the Quanjie and Dazhong Temples and the Chinese faith. The Portuguese also purchased Chinese children for religious purposes. All these pushed Lin Huichun, the magistrate of Xinhui, to adopt military actions against the Portuguese of Pinhal, and expelled them in 1569. The fact that Portuguese merchants could reside in Pinhal illustrated Guangdong authorities' weak control of neighboring islands. Obviously it offered some opportunities to the the followers, such as the Spaniards and the Dutch.

At the end of 1598, the Spanish captain Don Juan Zamudio was authorized to anchor and merchandise temporarily in the port of Pinhal. Not long after, another Spanish captain Luis Pérez das Marias was also allowed to enter the port. With this, the Portuguese of Macao were anxious that the Spaniards would imitate their tricks and probably be allowed to reside in Pinhal just like them in Macao. In this case, military conflicts broke out between them, and ended with Luis Pérez das Marias' evacuating at the beginning of 1600.

In the next year, the valiant Dutch followed the Spaniards closely and participated in this combat of Pinhal. In September 1601, a Dutch fleet commanded by Captain Jáquez Van Neck attempted to reach the so called Pinal. However, owing to their ignorance of the Guangdong coastal regions, the Dutch reached Macao instead of Pinhal. The Portuguese had learned a lesson from the precedent incident of 1598-1600. They hastily executed seventeen Dutch sailors in case the Chinese government might extradite them. On the other hand, although there were different opinions inside the Guangdong government, Dai Yao the Governor-General of Guangdong & Guangxi adopted the policy of ″using one barbarian against the other″ and remained neutral on the surface. Jáquez Van Neck had to leave China Sea after failing to rescue his countrymen.

The pullout from Pinhal turned the attention of the Spaniards and the Dutch to Taiwan. In 1622, when the Dutch intercepted several Spanish documents, they discovered that the Spaniards of Manila were planning to construct a fortress in Taiwan. Thereby, they made decisions to take preemptive actions and succeed in constructing the Kasteel Zeelandia in 1624. The Spaniards built the fort San Salvador in Quelung two years later. Since then, the contention of the three forces transferred from Pinhal to the Island of Taiwan, and the former dismal and remote Taiwan began to play a significant role in the global economy and politics.

Based on shared concerns for water environment and water resources, five contributors in this symposium articulate their viewpoints from their respective case studies in the field of Chinese environmental history. In pre-modern China, how to deal with the Yangzi River and the Yellow River, the two largest rivers, were key environmental issues on national water resource solutions, and the Chinese played an active role in their constant interactions with nature.  Brian Lander’s research on the early environmental history of the Central Yangzi valley aims to understand the history of the Yangzi lowlands in the context of the destruction of the world’s wetlands by the spread of agricultural societies. The wetlands on the Lianghu Plain were originally one of biologically productive areas in the world. A rich variety of aquatic lives, plants and wildlife in this region earned it the reputation of “wealth of Yunmeng.” However, why has it mostly been converted to farmland? According to him, archaeological discoveries have revealed thousands of years of immigration, farming and dike building in this region. He argues that over the long run agricultural development and hydraulic construction by increasing population steadily reshaped the original regional ecological system.  Ruth Mostern introduces her large project of exploring the long-term and large-scale history of the Yellow River, covering three thousand years of time and integrating the history of middle-course erosion with the history of lower-course flooding, and highlights data approach from environmental science. Focusing on why the Yellow River shifted from a long-term condition of relative stability to a later state of frequent floods and course changes, she argues that such changes resulted from intensification of human activity in the grasslands of the Ordos basin. From the mid-eleventh century, mounting contention between Chinese and Tanguts led both sides to fortify the region. The fields, pastures and lumber operations of these remote and largely self-supporting outposts destroyed fragile ground cover and exposed erosion-prone sand and soil that made its way into the Yellow River through a process of wind and water deposition, thereby transforming the entire fate of the North China Plain. Chinese activism in nature was exemplified more intensively in the construction and maintenance of the Grand Canal hydraulic network. Sun Jinghao explores the managements of water resources to sustain the Grand Canal in late imperial China, by investigating the fluctuations of reservoirs in the Jining Region of western Shandong. The operation of the Grand Canal heavily relied on continual construction, reconstruction and maintenance of a comprehensive water conservancy system in which reservoirs played a vital role in the northern sections. In order to combat the tremendous problems of water shortage, as well as flooding in monsoon seasons, massive reservoirs were vigorously installed or modified in the Jining region to reserve and moderate water for canal navigation. Although the state’s manipulations of water resources by reconfiguring the regional hydrological network generally achieved its anticipated objective, this was an extremely difficult accomplishment due to the complex reactions from both nature and local society. Water is people’s basic necessities in everyday life, and in China the lack of drinking water in urban and rural areas and the lack of fresh water, related to how to survive, on the coast are lasting severe issues. Using the term “brackish water,” Xiong Yuanbao depicts water consumption in late imperial Beijing, involving natural conditions of water resources, water consumption by citizens, as well as municipal rules and institutions that regulated the extraction of underground water. Mostly shallow and close to the land surface, these “brackish water” wells were both a product of soil and mineral contents and a consequence of human activity. Besides the absence of basic infrastructures for water and sewage treatment and the government’s negligence of administrative and legal regulations, the urban residents of Beijing played significant roles in creating, disposing, and neglecting various kinds of waste that infiltrated the land to pollute the underground water. Lu Xiqi turns his attention to the livelihood of coastal fishers and salt-workers with regard to water environment. In his views, the mainstream scholarship on the history of the Chinese ocean has neglected the people living in the coastal regions and their livelihoods as well as the relations between those people and the sea. He focuses on sea food and sea salt, trying to reconstruct the livelihood of fishers and salt-workers living in the coastal regions during the medieval age from an ecological perspective. The structural shortage in the subsistence system of coastal fishers and salt-workers, especially in terms of necessities of living and production such as freshwater, cereals and shipbuilding timber, iron pans for boiling seawater and netting fabrics, forced them to acquire daily necessities from the external environment by means of trade and even robbery. Their lack of self-sufficiency contributed to the openness of the economy in the coastal region, and the fluidity of coastal society.

At present， the Chinese mass media are suffering serious crisis of confidence because of anomie. A typical case is ″New Express reporter taking bribes event″ in 2013. It is widely believed that the media should strengthen self-discipline. However， based on analysis of the social structure， Chinese media lack of real independence. The News media also lack relatively complete legal norms and ethics. And traditional media are facing the grim challenge of existence， cannot consider ethical issues. So，the root of the media anomie are the changes of social system and information ecology. These transformations also are changing the rules of the media ″self″. We have to in-depth study the possibility and real connotation of ″media self-discipline″． In fact， the media self-discipline arises from a large number of social interactions between individuals. These communication activities are the basis for the community. This is similar to the floating ″molecular cloud″， the future is not clear， at this moment， the value and significance of existence are located between the ″molecules″: close， collision or far away from each other. If people are too dense， molecular cloud will collapse. If people are too distant， it will dissipate. Society is a kind of self-discipline efforts to maintain the delicate balance of molecular cloud. Self-discipline is also a kind of individual initiative ability derived from moral intuitions． Charles Taylor believed that the individual moral intuition is the inner voice. Listening to the voice， people can know right or wrong， and the more important thing is to keep contact with true moral self. Kant early had called this moral ability ″self-discipline″. He had asserted that self-discipline is derived from free will， belongs to a congenital and synthetical judgment. However， Kant had gave the concept（self-discipline）too many privileges and made it empty. Emmanuel Levinas had described a moral attitude: facing the need of others. The idea liberates the theory of Kant's self-discipline， explain the basic motivation of moral behavior， also had expressed the final frontier of individual moral: endless moral inquire for others． So， the real foundation of media self-regulation is that individual moral awakening. In the specific period of social transformation and moral confusion， people have to face their situation. Facing others and rediscovering their moral self would help social reconstruction. First， Individual morality is the original source of power in public life. Secondly， Individuals have value of basic moral judgment and adjustment for human society. Third， People's moral judgments have universality and convergence. Finally， Individual moral always leads to the possibility of a kind of common human life. Therefore， we need to continue to explore the source of human morality， and to find a better way to build a good public life. This is also the direction of the future media and communication education．

Educational idea is the rational insight into educational innate characters and the ideality and belief of it. Some educational ideas include national policy oriented ideas which guide and monitor national educational development, while other educational ideas are irrelevant of the national policy and only deal with localities', schools' and stakeholder's educational activities, so they are called non-national-policy ideas. The national policy oriented ideas are basic educational ideas pertaining to educational policy formulation and implementation, embodying national educational wills, they would affect the process of national education modernization. Since the Reform and Opening up in China, a new system of national policy oriented ideas guiding national education development has been formed, and they includes six basic educational ideas: the idea of prior development of education, the idea of human-centered education, the idea of educational equity, the idea of educational excellence, the idea of quality education, the idea of lifelong education.  The idea of prior development of education deepens the idea of emphasis of the precedence of education, and it includes four kinds of precedence such as precedence of formation of educational guideline, implementation of educational development strategies and planning, increase in financial input and enlargement of talents storage. The policy implication for the idea of prior development of education is recognizing the key function of education development in the rising of country and in strengthening national power and competitiveness. The idea of human-centered education is the embodiment of the core ideas included in scientific development viewpoints, it regards human development as the central aim of educational activities, emphasizing the meeting of both social needs and individual's needs, both individual's development and collective's development, both improvement of human happy life and enhancement of citizen's national pride and esteem. The policy implication for the idea of human-centered education focuses on guaranteeing human educational rights and benefits, meeting people's demand of learning, facilitating individual's harmonious development. The idea of educational equity is the basic requirements of actualizing social equity and justice, it denotes the equity in three aspects: educational starting point, educational process and educational outcome, and emphasizes the protection of educatees' equality of educational opportunity, the fair treatment of educatees, the equality of educatees' scholastic achievements. The policy implication for the idea of educational equity focuses on supply-centered reform, balancing educational development and popularization of fundamental education. The idea of educational excellence is the embodiment of the strategic idea that quality is the lifeline of business, it emphasizes the all-around quality and high quality, take development of core competencies and enhancement of quality as the basic educational standards. The policy implication for the idea of educational excellence focuses on implementation of policies in terms of educational quality standards, quality engineering, quality monitoring and quality assurance. The idea of quality education is a modern educational idea with salient Chinese characteristics, and it aims at correcting the drawback of examination-centered education, and it also emphasizes the all-round development of all educatees. The idea of lifelong education is a new idea, future-oriented and closely following social and technological development, and it emphasizes the transformation of traditional educational system and regards individual's lifelong learning and sustainable development as the basic educational target. The policy implication for the idea of lifelong education focuses on law-making of lifelong education, reform of educational system and change of ways of learning.  The six educational ideas have been regarded as important policy guidelines for educational reform and development .The connotation of these six educational ideas would be richened as the economic, political and cultural development speeds up in China.

During the 21 years between Zheng Xiaocang’s arrival at National Chekiang University and its renaming as Zhejiang University, Zheng made indelible contributions to the development of National Chekiang University. In 1929, Zheng Xiaocang became a professor of National Chekiang University, when he founded the Department of Education. He invited many remarkable scholars such as Meng Xiancheng, Yu Ziyi, Zhuang Zexuan, Shen Youqian, Huang Yi, etc. to teach at the department and he also set up a nursery school with Huang. During the December 9th Movement to Resist Japan and Save the Nation, students at National Chekiang University took an active part to support the protest movement, while their patriotic movement was suppressed by the former president Guo Renyuan, which triggered off a student protest against Guo. Then provost Zheng did his utmost to keep the school affairs in operation and actively contacted the related parties to settle the problem, which prevented the situation from getting worse. Meanwhile, Zheng acted the role of president during the period between Guo’s resignation and Chu Coching’s inauguration. In 1936, Chu Coching took over as the president of National Chekiang University and Zheng, who was arguably a key member of the university’s leading group, did his best to assist Chu in running the university. When Chu first arrived at the university, Zheng helped Chu get familiar with the university affairs. In 1937, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, the university had to move inland for safety. On the tough move from Hangzhou to Jiande in Zhejiang Province, then to Taihe and Ji’an in Jiangxi Province, then to Yishan in Guangxi Province and finally to Zunyi in Guizhou Province, Zheng assisted President Chu in organizing students’ trek and fulfilling the university’s mission of teaching and research despite the hardship. In 1938, Normal School, National Chekiang University was founded on its way westward to Yishan, and Zheng served as the first dean. In 1939, Zheng went to the east of Zhejiang to prepare for the establishment of the university’s branch on the orders of Chu and later he became Director of Longquan Branch, National Chekiang University. Zheng’s educational thoughts were put into practice and Longquan Branch became a favorite university for the youth in the southeastern provinces in China. In 1943, Zheng returned to the main campus in Zunyi and served as the dean of the graduate school. During his period as dean, Zheng promoted the university’s research progress and was committed to young researchers’ development. In 1946, National Chekiang University moved back to Hangzhou after the war. Zheng continued to work at the university and during President Chu’s oversea visits, he was deputed to act as the president at the critical moment when the university needed him. As a university in exile, National Chekiang University miraculously went all the way through difficulties and adversities in wartime conditions and grew from a local university to one of the leading universities in China during the eight years of the war. It was honored as “Oriental Cambridge” by the famous British scholar Joseph Needham. In this painstaking process, Zheng’s contributions were irreplaceable. The educational thought Zheng reflected in his educational practice as well as the qualities of modesty, warmness, diligence and optimism the revered educator showed left valuable spiritual wealth for Zhejiang University and higher education in China.

Along with the rapid development of capital market in China， the standard of materiality， the primary factor in the definition of insider information， has increasingly reflects the confusion in different legal norms since the crackdown on insider trading in the 1990s， and the confusion apparently caused the difficulty of Legislation and application in practice. The problems include how to choose the Reasonable Investors Decision-making Standard（RIDS） or Price Sensitivity Standard（PSS）， how to define the price of the securities ″may″ be effected or ″actually″ being effected， and how to make clear the way and the projects in enumeration etc. Through the analysis based on the three legislative modes， including the abstract type（RIDS and PSS）， enumeration type and comprehensive type， and considering the context of the current legal framework and actual conditions of China， these problems are proposed to be solved from the following three aspects. Firstly， we should combine the RIDS and PSS. These two standards seem highly different but actually share some deep connections. On the one hand， with the disclosure of information， the reasonable investors will make decisions after analyzing information， and the decisions will affect the price， then the price will also affect the decision-making. Investment decisions and price volatility are of the same essence at different levels and different stages; On the other hand， there is inherent defects in applying no matter which standard alone. From a global perspective， whether in the United States， or in the EU or the Taiwan region， integration of RIDS and PSS has become a trend. Secondly， clarify Subjective Sensitivity Standard. The 75th article in securities law — ″have a material influence on the price of the securities″ should be interpreted into ″may have a material influence on the price of the securities，″ and this is consistent with literal interpretation and system interpretation. According to the real cases and punishment that Securities Regulatory Commission once carried out， the disclosure of the listed information does not inevitably cause price fluctuations due to the complexity of market. What 's more， according to the Effective Market theory， the security market in China is not yet a strong form of efficiency market， which means that to absorb information completely is beyond its capacity. It 's apparently unreasonable that doer needs to wait for a period of time to determine whether his behavior is an insider trading. Thirdly， perfect the list of insider information. In one respect， it needs a scientific classification， dividing security insider information into three categories: internal information， external information and other relevant information. Internal information is material fact that is concerning the company 's own decisions， financial and operations. External information includes market information that influence specific securities ' supply and demand relationship and information impact all market players. Other relevant information involves material facts related to securities issuers ' operation， business or property etc， which may have a material impact on the security price or investor 's investment judgment. Besides， it will be more realistic to improve the existing matters about insider information by implementing Subjective Sensitivity Standard thoroughly．