JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2024 Vol.54 Number 2
	2024, Vol.54 Num.2
	Online: 2024-03-06

	Article

Article

	5	Fan Bonai, Sheng Zhonghua

		Dimension Identification, Feature Extraction and Layered Model of Digital Economy Security: A Mixed Research of LDA Thematic Analysis and Grounded Theory Coding ^Hot!
		Digital economy security is an important support for modernizing national security systems and capabilities. The existing studies have carried out theoretical exploration from the perspective of multiple disciplines but lack dimensional identification as well as structural feature analysis of digital economy security. This paper adopts a mixed research method to address this problem. Study 1 is a text analysis of digital economy security. Based on 1,838 articles from 62 top international journals, a Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model is constructed in Study 1. The results show that the Western academic community divides the digital economy security into five categories: digital infrastructure risk, key core technology risk, digital industry security, industrial digital security, and digital social stability, showing different topic features. Social network analysis further shows that these five types of security present a core-peripheral layered structure, among which the digital infrastructure risk is located in the core layer, digital social stability is in the peripheral layer, and the other risks are in the middle layer.Study 2 is an empirical research of digital economy security in China. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 42 practitioners, we construct 5 types of main risks and 18 types of sub-risks based on grounded theory coding. The Delphi method of risk ranking further shows that, China mainly faces five security categories according to the importance of security: key core digital technology security, digital security, digital industry security, industrial digital security, and digital economy ecological environment. Among them, key core digital technology security is represented by digital technology design security, digital technology manufacturing security, digital technology supply security and other features. Digital security includes data security, cyber security, information security, artificial intelligence security and other features. Digital industry security is characterized by digital industrial chain and supply chain security, platform enterprise monopoly, digital product price discrimination, digital industry competitiveness and so on. Industrial digital security is manifested in the features of digital transformation of manufacturing industry, digital agriculture construction, and digital financial security. The features of digital economy ecological environment include digital infrastructure environment, digital market environment, digital policy environment, digital social environment. Study 2 further verifies and modifies the conclusions of Study 1.According to the comparative results of Study 1 and 2, the manifestation of digital economy security in China is not quite different from that in the West. However, in terms of risk ranking, China pays attention to the key core digital technologies security, while the West focuses more on digital infrastructure security. The West regards digital social stability as the peripheral layer of digital economy security, while China integrates the ecological environment of digital economy into the security system. It should be noted that security types with Chinese characteristics, such as artificial intelligence security, digital industrial chain and supply chain security, digital industry competitiveness, digital agriculture construction and digital infrastructure environment, have also been identified.This paper has three major theoretical contributions. First, it deeply reveals the dimension types and topic features of digital economy security and builds a layered conceptual model. Although the topic of digital economy security has attracted more attention in the recent years, its internal dimension form and relationship structure are still a black box, with a lack of detailed and in-depth theoretical elaboration. This research provides a more fine-grained explanation by dividing the five dimensions of digital economy security, revealing the preference ranking of risk, indicating that it is no longer regarded as a homogeneous and unitary whole, and expanding the research on the typology structure of digital economy security. Second, comparing the differences between China and the West in digital economy security it clarifies the direction for future researches in China. At present, the international academic community has carried out a large number of exploratory research but the domestic research is still in the initial stage, so it is necessary to keep up with the theoretical frontier and grasp the academic innovation. Our results reveal the dimensional division of 62 international top journals, which provides implications for future researches. At the same time, combined with the Chinese situation and local practice, the study refines the security elements of digital economy with Chinese characteristics, and promotes the dialogues between international theoretical literature and Chinese practice. Third, the mixed research methods are adopted to make up for the limitations of the existing literature focused on speculative discussion, and for the first time to provide empirical evidence as well as support for the conceptual model of digital economy security. Study 1 uses the LDA topic model of unsupervised machine learning to overcome the subjective bias brought about by traditional manual coding by automatically extracting potential topics from massive data and provide evidences for dimension identification. Based on the Chinese reality, Study 2 abstracts new security dimensions through grounded theory. These two studies confirm each other, improving the external validity of the conclusion, promoting the dialogues between Chinese and Western theories. At the same time, they complement each other, bridging the gap in theory and practice, and contributing the knowledge increment to the construction of digital economy security theory with Chinese characteristics.From the practical level, the layered conceptual model constructed in this research is conducive to helping government officials and enterprise managers to better conduct hierarchical governance of digital economy security. For the core digital technology security in the core layer, we should give full play to the advantages of the new national system, concentrate on building a large-depth, interdisciplinary collaborative research mechanism to solve the bottleneck problem. For the security in the peripheral layer, we should keenly capture weak signals in digital ecological environment and provide theoretical guidance for government agencies to regularly issue dynamic warning of digital economy risks and establish a scientific and effective security monitoring system.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 5-29 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3431KB] ( 297 )

	30	Zhou Yunheng, Wu Lei

		Global Energy Governance Transformation and China’s Strategic Choice ^Hot!
		The solution to global energy and climate crisis requires global action and cooperation. The current dilemma of global energy governance is mainly manifested in the fact that individual energy poverty is far from eliminated, the energy security dilemma between countries still exists, and the global climate crisis is increasingly severe. Studies have concluded that the global energy governance system is in urgent need of change, but there are still divergent opinions on how to restructure it. All parties believe that China’s active participation is indispensable for global energy governance, but there is no consensus on what role China should play during the process. Thus, the core question discussed in this paper is how the global energy governance system should be restructured to tackle the energy and environmental challenges, and what strategic choices should China make during this process?To this end, this paper introduces the pressure-state-response (PSR) model as a theoretical analysis framework for global energy governance. It might reflect the contradiction between the growing energy demand of mankind and the unbalanced and inadequate development of energy in various countries from the perspective of pressure dimension. As a result, there are increasing deficits in development, security and governance related to energy and environmental issues for the international community to fulfill the obligation. In terms of responses, neither individuals, countries nor the international community could respond effectively.In order to solve the energy governance dilemma, this paper proposes a global energy governance initiative based on the hierarchy of human needs theory. It proposes that enhancing national energy supply should be the fundamental goal of global energy governance, that providing consumers with affordable energy service be a developmental goal, and that shaping a sustainable environment for the world be the long-term goal. Only by taking into account the individual, national and global-level goals can the global energy governance agenda be prevented from becoming an extension of power politics among major powers, and the risks posed by the energy and climate crises will be reduced.Facing global challenges such as energy supply security, energy poverty and climate change, China needs to uphold the concepts of a community with a shared future for mankind and green development, while promoting energy transformation, actively participating in climate governance, and working with other countries to build a clean and beautiful world. As an active participant in the global energy governance, China has been promoting the interconnection of energy infrastructure across countries, the multilateral energy cooperation mechanisms, and the inclusive concepts of energy security. These efforts contribute to China’s energy security and its ambition of being a responsible global power. Besides, China’s active participation will ensure the smooth flow of the global energy supply chain, maintain the stability of the international energy market and prices, and achieve the goal of sustainable energy for all advocated by the United Nations.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 30-40 [Abstract] ( 113 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1315KB] ( 410 )

	41	Wu Yinglong, Zeng Shirong, Shen Manhong, Hu Zitao

		How Does the Impact of Corporate Emission Reduction Demand Induce Green Innovation at Universities? ——— From the Perspective of Industry-University Integration ^Hot!
		The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasizes the need to accelerate the transformation of the development pattern to a green one and the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy. This further highlights the importance of green innovation in the national strategy. Universities are an important part of China’s innovation system, and it is crucial to stimulate the vitality of green innovation at universities. Existing research has mainly focused on the positive impact of green innovation at universities on corporate performance, overlooking the dynamic response of green innovation at universities to corporate demand. Does the emission reduction demand of corporations affect green innovation at universities? What are the pathways involved? And what are the moderating factors? Based on a quasi-natural experiment on the policy of specific emission limits for atmospheric pollutants, this study utilizes internal R&D data and green patent data from universities to construct a difference-in-differences model, so as to investigate the impact of corporate emission reduction demand on university-level green innovation and analyzes the pathways and moderating factors involved. The main findings are as follows: First, the impact of corporate emission reduction demand will induce green innovation at universities. This fundamental conclusion remains unchanged even after robustness tests, including the exclusion of other policies’ interference, clustering robust standard error at different levels, changing green innovation measurement indicators, and selecting sample data. Second, industry-university integration is an important pathway through which the impact of corporate emission reduction demand induces green innovation at universities. Specifically, corporate emission reduction demand not only facilitates collaborative R&D between enterprises and universities but also promotes technology transactions between them. Third, the maturity of the technology market and the degree of government guidance are key moderating variables affecting the green innovation at universities. They can enhance the positive impact of corporate emission reduction demand on green innovation at universities. This study has two main contributions. First, it offers an innovative research perspective. Current researches tend to explore the unidirectional path from university research to industry-university integration, ultimately influencing corporate green performance, while overlooking the impact of corporate technological demand on green innovation at universities. From the perspective of the universities, this study fills this research gap by examining the impact of corporate emission reduction demand on green innovation at universities. Second, it presents innovative research content. This study explores the theoretical mechanisms through which corporate emission reduction demand affects green innovation at universities and empirically tests the two mechanisms of industry-university integration, i.e., collaborative R&D and technology transactions. Furthermore, it analyzes the moderating effects of the maturity of the technology market and the degree of government guidance, enriching the current research on industry-university integration.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 41-59 [Abstract] ( 83 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1656KB] ( 432 )

	60	Li Yongming, Xiang Ludan, Zhang Yining

		A Study of Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights under Open Innovation Paradigm: Based on the Inherent Characteristics of Typical Practices of User Innovation and Peer Innovation ^Hot!
		The closed innovation paradigm, which used to be the mainstream, has shaped the classic success cases such as DuPont and Bell LABS, enabling many innovative subjects who pursue this innovation model achieve great success. However, in recent years, the traditional closed innovation has gradually become unsustainable in the context of industry evolution and market changes, while open innovation is increasingly favored by various innovation subjects. While the pioneering open innovation practice has spawned the transformation of innovation paradigm, the popularity of open innovation is also negatively affecting the development of innovation practice. The typical practice represented by “user innovation” and “peer innovation” has entered the public’s vision in the field of innovation. Although the open innovation practice characterized by “individual creation” is still in its early stage, it has become more and more mature. The transformation of innovation mode poses new challenges to the original intellectual property regulation system, and the innovation behavior adjusted by the original intellectual property regulation system has undergone qualitative changes, which is doomed to its limited applicability to new scenarios and new situations. There are different forms of expression between closed innovation and open innovation in practice, and the original abstract and typed legal facts cannot accommodate the new situation, which makes the intellectual property regulation system constructed under the traditional closed innovation field inevitably produce the absence of legal facts in the face of the new practice mode of open innovation. The intellectual property interest balance mechanism based on the three conceptual tools of exclusive right, right restriction and public domain will inevitably produce imbalance under the innovation paradigm of open and sharing concept. The core of the intellectual property problems brought about by the two typical practices is the ownership of intellectual property rights, which leads to the preliminary problems and subsequent rights protection problems that can be summarized as: the qualitative doubt of individual behavior in open innovation, the process of identifying and confirming property rights, the difficulties of ownership of rights and the application of achievements, and the procedural and substantive law protection of intellectual property rights. The difference in legal facts between closed innovation and open innovation leads to the difference in the underlying logic of the application of rules, and the explanatory power of the classical explanation theory of the legitimacy of intellectual property behind the existing legal system of intellectual property is weakened in the transformation of innovation paradigm. It is decided that the intellectual property problems in the typical practice of open innovation cannot be solved simply by analogy with the existing legal system of intellectual property. Therefore, this paper holds that a kind of open innovation between formal norms and free space is suitable for the characteristics of open innovation. Unified intellectual property guidelines and norms can be used as the direction of countermeasures for the ownership of intellectual property rights in the typical practice of open innovation. This paper rejects the separate legislative ideas that will increase legislative costs and incompatibility of legal systems, and it does not agree with the academic argument of “knowledge sharing ethical system” to eliminate intellectual property rights to solve difficult problems in special scenarios. Compared with legal norms, the so-called intellectual property guidelines are more flexible and specialized, and more professional and secure than autonomous agreements such as community conventions. This paper tries to regard them as concretization of micro-policies, and advocates that the intellectual property guidelines should be designed and implemented by the intellectual property administrative department. In the long run, it is a forward-looking consideration of the overall evolution direction of the intellectual property legal system under the spirit of balance of interests, which is equivalent to a priori practice of the legal system. On the other hand, the intellectual property normative guidelines are the embodiment of the national macro policy of intellectual property, which can survive in the form of legal sources and have an impact on the application of law under certain conditions. In addition, the intellectual property guidelines can also be used as a blueprint to guide the orderly operation of the entire industry. On this basis, three basic concepts of the design of norms are further proposed: First, maximize the realization of the value of intellectual property transformation. Second, pay attention to the presentation of efficiency value. The third is to reshape the structure of intellectual property rights, and concretely realize the disassembly of intellectual property rights to meet the interests of different subjects.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 60-74 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 943KB] ( 319 )

	75	Huang Yunping

		An Analysis of the Copyrightability of AI-Generated Content ^Hot!
		The adjustment of copyright has always been accompanied by the development of high technology. The development of artificial intelligence (AI), represented by ChatGPT and GPT-4, has brought great challenges to the copyright law system. Around issues such as the copyright of AI-generated content and the need to revise the criteria for originality, scholars have had a debate from different starting points and research frameworks, and formed completely different points of view. There is an urgent need to clarify the copyright rules, value orientation and coping strategies behind those technologies.As for the legitimacy of empowerment of AI-generated content, the paper believes that AI is not so much of a tool and it has further got rid of human arrangement. AI has directly intervened in the field of creation that was previously thought to belong exclusively to human beings, and can create algorithms independently and randomly to generate content that looks no different from ordinary works. In terms of originality, AI-generated content still falls within the framework of copyright law about protecting the expression of human thoughts and emotions, and it can meet the standard of independent completion and minimum creativity. As an important legal system for safeguarding the achievements of scientific and technological development, copyright law needs to respond to the iterative needs of AI, carry forward the ethical orientation of Tech for Good, and recognize the differences between algorithm-based creation and human creation. Copyright law should prioritize the protection of readers’ reliance interest in the appearance of AI-generated content, thus promoting the future development and transformation of AI.As for the evaluation standard of the consistency of subject and object, the paper holds that the identification of the works and the recognition of the subject belong to different dimensions. However, this does not conflict with the principle of private law that subject and object cannot be interchangeable. In the context of reader-centrism, the works as the object and the right holder as the subject can be appropriately separated. The works are not a natural extension of the author’s personality, and who the author is no longer affects the judgment on whether it constitutes the expression of ideas and originality. The theory of legal fiction provides a realistic example for the dichotomy of work creation and ownership, and the commercialization trend of works accelerates the process of separate evaluation of works and right holders.As for the arrangement of the right ownership of AI-generated content, it cannot impact the subject structure of the copyright and will not make AI the subject of civil law. In the case that AI-generated content constitutes works, we can still follow the idea of dividing the qualification of the creative subject and the qualification of the right holder. That excludes the possibility of AI as the copyright owner. Meanwhile, the real right holder can be defined according to the rules determined by current copyright practices. Compared with the creator and owner, the user shows a closer relationship with algorithm-based creation, which plays a decisive role in the content and form of AI-generated works. It is suggested that according to the actual contribution to creation, AI users should be regarded as the original right holders of the generated content. The basic conditions of copyright belonging to users are set from three levels: reverse exclusion elements, positive constitutive elements and formal description elements.As for the future of copyright in the era of intelligence augmentation, the paper points out that human beings must adhere to the principle of the unity of instrumental rationality and legal rationality while embracing the tide of the times with evolutionary ideas. We ought to accommodate human practices with more open concepts of the object and the author.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 75-90 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 754KB] ( 160 )

	91	Zuo Hong, Yang Mo

		A Study of the Change of Social Mobility and the Influencing Factors in China ^Hot!
		The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to “encourage people to achieve prosperity through hard work, promote equal opportunities, increase the incomes of low-income earners, and expand the size of the middle-income group”. For the promotion of equal opportunities and the realization of common prosperity for all people, enhancing social mobility is crucial. This paper takes intergenerational occupational mobility as a proxy for social mobility to study the changing trends of intergenerational occupational mobility and its influencing factors in China. Specifically, this paper is based on the data from the six waves of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) from 2006 to 2017. Firstly, this study adopts the ISCO-88 job codes and the job classification method of China’s National Bureau of Statistics, dividing occupations into six categories, and ranking different occupations according to the median income within each occupation. Secondly, absolute mobility and Altham index are adopted to measure the changing trends of intergenerational mobility in China. Lastly, the binary Logit model and the Shapley value decomposition method are used to study the main factors affecting upward intergenerational occupational mobility and the changes in their contribution rates.The research finds that from 2006 to 2017, although China’s intergenerational occupational mobility showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, the overall intergenerational occupational mobility has risen, and intergenerational occupational immobility has somewhat eased. In terms of the influencing factors of upward intergenerational mobility and changes in their contribution rates, a younger age and a higher education level of the offspring are associated with a greater probability to achieve upward intergenerational occupation mobility, and this influence of age and education level has strengthened over the years. Moreover, this paper also finds that the conversion of household registration status from “agriculture to non-agriculture” can significantly increase the probability of upward intergenerational occupational mobility, which to some extent indicates that rural families have a higher upward intergenerational occupational mobility than urban families.Policy implications include increasing the investment in public education resources in rural areas, strengthening the policy of preferential college admission for students in central and western regions and rural areas, and farmers in a formal system of professional title promotion, all of which help to improve social mobility.The main contributions of this paper include the following three points. First, this paper uses measures of absolute and relative mobility to depict the level and changing trends of intergenerational occupational mobility. Among them, the measure of relative mobility based on Altham index fully considers socio-economic structural changes and thus to a certain extent overcomes the defects of existing research in indicator selection and researches methods. Second, this study deeply explores the influencing factors of upward intergenerational occupational mobility and analyzes the changes in the contribution rate of each factor over time. This allows policy-makers to fully understand the changing characteristics of each factor’s contribution, thereby formulating or adjusting relevant policy measures timely and effectively according to the current situation. Third, this paper reveals the fact that the upward intergenerational occupational mobility of rural families is higher than that of urban families, and that the conversion of household registration status from “agriculture to non-agriculture” plays a substantial role. In the context of gradually diminishing dividends of urbanization in the future, this paper offers relevant policy suggestions on how to further enhance the intergenerational mobility of rural residents.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 91-106 [Abstract] ( 94 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1375KB] ( 837 )

	107	Zhang Dongliang, Yu Shuqi, Zhou Guping

		A Study of Transdisciplinarity in the Context of the Transformation of Knowledge Production ^Hot!
		The transformation of the knowledge production model is accompanied by fundamental changes in the logic of knowledge production and the features of educational activities. Going through transformation and development stage from model 1 to model 2, and then to model 3, it no longer follows rigorous academic tradition or takes academic researches as the ultimate goal, but applies knowledge to application and market. The new knowledge production models serve the society instead of serving the universities only, create the interdisciplinarity and organizational diversity of the universities and capture the gradual development of the paradigms of the discipline, from multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, cross-disciplinarity to trans-disciplinarity. The complexity and specificity of the research objects concerning higher education determines that we should place the study of the construction and operation mechanism of the existing transdisciplinary organizations under the threshold of the transformation of the knowledge production model. By doing so, it helps to summarize the experience of building trans-disciplinary organization suitable for China’s reality.Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability, MIT Schwarzman College of Computing and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago are the typical representatives of the transdisciplinary teaching and research entities, and they respectively demonstrate three unique transdisciplinary modes: sustainable development-led model, digital-driven model, and new-technologies-oriented model. Among them, Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability adheres to the concept of sustainable development, with eight centered research areas, two institutes, Woods Institute for the Environment and the Precourt Institute for Energy and a three-pillared sustainability accelerator as an important mechanism to achieve speed and scale for global impact. MIT Schwarzman College of Computing takes digitalization as a means to reshape the future directions of other disciplines (including arts and the humanities) and artificial intelligence, reshapes computing changes in various disciplines and integrates social groups and social forces to create a multidimensional gathering of personnel. Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering is driven by advances in basic science and relies highly on the Argonne National Laboratory that provides a transdisciplinary knowledge platform, to apply molecular-level science to the enhancement of the quality of human life.The concept, cognition, paradigm and practice of transdisciplinarity have so far provided new inspirations to China’s construction, organization and researches, regarding disciplines. It further promotes China’s universities to make corresponding adjustments and changes in the aspects of knowledge production, academic research orientation, disciplinary organizational changes, and collaborative and institutional innovations: Firstly, set up a certain transdisciplinary direction, field and system, that consists of the integration of proximate and remote disciplines, and achieve discipline convergence that aims at realizing public interests; Secondly, construct a transdisciplinary organization that relies on the advantageous disciplines and build multifaceted transdisciplinary research centers or innovation platforms that are comprised of research centers, research institutes and national laboratories; Thirdly, establish a mechanism that links closely with the industry, the region, the public, and improve the cooperation between the government, the society and the university, so as to construct a research community.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 107-118 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2059KB] ( 286 )

	119	Dou Huaiyong

		A Study of the Six Dynasties’ Popular Characters and the Tang Taboo Characters ^Hot!
		During the Six Dynasties Period, multiple factors including frequent changes in political power and innovations in writing materials had a direct impact on the Chinese character system. These factors not only internally affected the inherent character formation principles and ideographic system but also externally sparked diversification in character forms and styles. This led to the emergence of many popular characters characterized by their “simplicity and accessibility”, bringing in the first peak of the popularity of ancient popular characters. Meanwhile, given the practical needs and diverse choices of writing subjects and writing media, the richness of character forms was significantly magnified, resulting in the increasing prosperity of written transcripts in the medieval period and further diversifying Chinese character forms. These circumstances provided linguistic and textual conditions for the implementation of the taboo character system by the Tang Dynasty regime.When implementing the taboo character system, the Tang Dynasty initially intended to emulate the Two Han Dynasties to utilize “systematic substitution patterns” for a neat effect. Due to practical considerations, however, it adopted the Six Dynasties’ popular characters and employed changes in form as its method of execution and presentation. The implementation of this system was in line with the evolution of Chinese characters: the writing styles during the Six Dynasties Period for some taboo characters, along with their standard writing styles, were included in the scope of the taboo character system. This inclusion not only increased the number of taboo characters subject to avoidance but also indirectly determined the existing style of taboo characters. As for other taboo characters whose writing styles during the Six Dynasties Period were significantly different from their standard writing styles, the Six Dynasties’ writing styles might have been used directly to express the taboo effects since the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.In addition to offering readily available sources of character forms, the characteristics of the Six Dynasties’ popular characters in terms of their generation and configuration provided valuable insights for the transformation of taboo characters in the Tang Dynasty. While ensuring the distinctiveness of Chinese characters, it was common during the Six Dynasties Period to create popular characters by omitting strokes to reduce the stroke count. This simplification occurred both among groups and within characters themselves. Based on this mature experience that conformed to the trends in Chinese character development, the Tang Dynasty intentionally designated Chinese characters with simplified strokes as taboo character replacements, and fixed the number of simplified strokes, thus giving rise to the method of “avoiding taboo by missing strokes”. As for the method of altering the character form to avoid taboo, it clearly leveraged the common “component substitution” method found in the Six Dynasties’ popular characters. These two methods persisted throughout the three centuries of the Tang Dynasty and had the most enduring influence. Furthermore, through the similarity in form between taboo characters and popular characters, they indirectly expanded the coverage of Tang taboo character system.In summary, the Six Dynasties’ popular characters not only offered a linguistic backdrop for the enforcement of the taboo character system in the Tang Dynasty, but also inspired the self-transformation of taboo characters in the Tang Dynasty. The group distinctiveness of taboo characters in the Tang Dynasty, while undoubtedly a result of the system’s execution, is also a product of the interplay between the popular characters of the Six Dynasties and the political system, bearing evident imprints of the era.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 119-130 [Abstract] ( 109 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1331KB] ( 324 )

	131	Wang Yueting

		Distinction Between Object and Patient Arguments in Old Chinese Based on Formal Markers ^Hot!
		The concepts of “object” and “patient” are closely intertwined, which are difficult to distinguish by semantic features. From the perspective of heterophony, it can be found that: “V+patient” has no heterophony, while “V+object” has heterophony with the departing tone, that is, the “object” argument is usually marked besides by the “departing tone”, which may occasionally also be marked by “yu (于/於)”. This paper discusses the cases of “verb followed by patient argument” and “verb followed by object argument” with specific examples: 1. The “V+patient” structure where the verb is followed by the “patient” directly. As the most natural syntactic combination, it is usually unmarked without heterophony or preposition. 2. The “V+object” structure which involves three situations: (1) The unmarked “V+object” structure in which the verbs involved originally have an “object” as their complement, such as “cong (从)”, “zhui (追)”, “qiu (求)”, etc. (2) “V (departing tone)+object” structure marked by the “departing tone”. They are very conspicuous in the heterophony system of ancient Chinese for their various cases in use in a unified form (heterophony with the departing tone). According to the semantic features of the words before and after the heterophony, and the heterophony rules, they can be further divided into the following subcategories: i. Intransitive verbs/adjectives/nouns. In the case of heterophony with the departing tone, they add an object to become bivalent verbs, such as “hào Shen Shuzhan (号申叔展)” etc. ii. Transitive verbs. In the case of heterophony with the departing tone, they add an object to become trivalent verbs, such as “yù zhi gu (语之故)” etc. iii. Cases that use non-departing tone and departing tone to distinguish “V (non-departing tone)+patient” and “V (departing tone)+object”, such as “tou (投)”, “xue/xiao (学/效)”, “ting (听)”, etc. iii. Cases that cannot find the original word with the non-departing tone, but have the feature of “V (departing tone)+object”, such as “zhù (助)” etc. (3) “V (+patient)+于/於+object” structure marked by “yu (于/於)”. In this case, the verb has both “patient” and “object” arguments, among which the “patient” is unmarked (or not presented in the syntactic structure), and the “object” is marked by “yu (于/於)”, such as “献豜于公” etc.In summary: (1) When the verb originally has only one argument within the domain, it can be either a patient or an object, both unmarked; (2) When there are two arguments within the domain, the patient is unmarked, and the object is usually marked by the “departing tone” or “yu (于/於)”; (3) Intransitive verbs without arguments within the domain can introduce object arguments by heterophony with the “departing tone” or by using “yu (于/於)”. That is, the “patient” is unmarked, while the “object” is usually marked, and the two are clearly distinguished.Later, with the decline of heterophony, the loss of “yu (于/於)”, and the mutual extension of “object” and “patient”, a large number of unmarked “objects” appeared, and the distinction between “patient” and “object” became blurred. Against such a backdrop, this paper aims at proposing a preliminary idea for finding the boundary between the two again. This paper discusses the cases of “verb followed by patient argument” and “verb followed by object argument” with specific examples: 1. The “V+patient” structure where the verb is followed by the “patient” directly. As the most natural syntactic combination, it is usually unmarked without heterophony or preposition. 2. The “V+object” structure which involves three situations: (1) The unmarked “V+object” structure in which the verbs involved originally have an “object” as their complement, such as “cong (从)”, “zhui (追)”, “qiu (求)”, etc. (2) “V (departing tone)+object” structure marked by the “departing tone”. They are very conspicuous in the heterophony system of ancient Chinese for their various cases in use in a unified form (heterophony with the departing tone). According to the semantic features of the words before and after the heterophony, and the heterophony rules, they can be further divided into the following subcategories: i. Intransitive verbs/adjectives/nouns. In the case of heterophony with the departing tone, they add an object to become bivalent verbs, such as “hào Shen Shuzhan (号申叔展)” etc. ii. Transitive verbs. In the case of heterophony with the departing tone, they add an object to become trivalent verbs, such as “yù zhi gu (语之故)” etc. iii. Cases that use non-departing tone and departing tone to distinguish “V (non-departing tone)+patient” and “V (departing tone)+object”, such as “tou (投)”, “xue/xiao (学/效)”, “ting (听)”, etc. iii. Cases that cannot find the original word with the non-departing tone, but have the feature of “V (departing tone)+object”, such as “zhù (助)” etc. (3) “V (+patient)+于/於+object” structure marked by “yu (于/於)”. In this case, the verb has both “patient” and “object” arguments, among which the “patient” is unmarked (or not presented in the syntactic structure), and the “object” is marked by “yu (于/於)”, such as “献豜于公” etc.In summary: (1) When the verb originally has only one argument within the domain, it can be either a patient or an object, both unmarked; (2) When there are two arguments within the domain, the patient is unmarked, and the object is usually marked by the “departing tone” or “yu (于/於)”; (3) Intransitive verbs without arguments within the domain can introduce object arguments by heterophony with the “departing tone” or by using “yu (于/於)”. That is, the “patient” is unmarked, while the “object” is usually marked, and the two are clearly distinguished.Later, with the decline of heterophony, the loss of “yu (于/於)”, and the mutual extension of “object” and “patient”, a large number of unmarked “objects” appeared, and the distinction between “patient” and “object” became blurred. Against such a backdrop, this paper aims at proposing a preliminary idea for finding the boundary between the two again.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 131-141 [Abstract] ( 96 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2628KB] ( 260 )

	142	Wang Linfu, Zhu Huiguo

		A Textual Study of Ci Gu: A Rare Cipu of Zhexi School Written in the Early Qing Dynasty ^Hot!
		Ci Gu (《词鹄》), a voluminous Cipu (a genre of works dedicated to the study of the tonal patterns in Ci-poetry) spanning fifteen volumes, was published in 1705. Due to its rarity, Ci Gu remained largely unknown in academic circles until recently. The “hundred-year fervor” of Cipu compilation and study of tonal laws, which spanned from the late Ming to the early Qing Dynasty, marked a significant reconstruction of the tradition of Ci-poetry, with Ci Gu serving as a microcosm of this transformative period. The academic significance of Ci Gu is primarily reflected in three aspects: Firstly, it provides a historical linkage in the evolution of early Qing Cipu. Ci Gu was one of the earliest works to systematically critique The Rules of Ci-poetry (《词律》). Its authors, Sun Zhimi who is Scholar-in-Attendance, a close associate of Emperor Kangxi, and Lou Yan, one of editors of the Officially Approved Cipu (《钦定词谱》). Ci Gu laid foundational concepts later adopted in the Officially Approved Cipu, such as attaching importance to modes of ancient Chinese music and rigorous cross-checking. Ci Gu bridges the gap between The Rules of Ci-poetry and Officially Approved Cipu, also connecting with other Cipu writings like Xuansheng Ji (《选声集》), Tianci Tupu (《填词图谱》), and Hong’e xuan Cipai (《红萼轩词牌》). Works that historically connect academic traditions are usually well-known, so discovering new documents like Ci Gu with such characteristics is particularly noteworthy. Secondly, the research approaches of Ci Gu are characterized by its unique temporal features, with many of its designs being unprecedented or singular in the academic history. The method of “interchanging categories”, which means that a poem is treated as a form under two tones at the same time, and distinguishing the melody of Ci-poetry based on special performance forms are uniquely historical design concepts found only in Ci Gu. Its innovative approaches, such as marking hidden rhymes within sentences, designing special symbols for each rhyme change, and refuting The Rules of Ci-poetry’s method of “comparative study of front and back sections” and “checked tone replacing level tone”, were groundbreaking in the academic history. Practices like using a comma to mark the beginning word became rare in Cipu after Ci Gu. The preservation of Ci Gu is fortuitous, for it has offered us a significant sample of an unnoticed era. Thirdly, Ci Gu provides possibilities for exploring the Cipu scholarly concepts of the Zhexi Ci-poetry School in the early Qing. Renowned for their mastery of tonal patterns, the Cipu works of the Zhexi School are rarely heard today. Despite their keen interest in Cipu studies, various reasons led to the failure of the publication of many works of Cipu like Ci Wei (《词纬》), Qiancaitang Cipu (《潜采堂谱》) and Qunya Ji (《群雅集》), thus Zhexi School had long been neglected in the academic writings of Cipu history. As friends and disciples of Zhu Yizun, Zhou Yun, and others, Sun Zhimi and Lou Yan’s Ci Gu preserves precious clues for us to pursue the Cipu scholarship of the Zhexi School.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 142-151 [Abstract] ( 119 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1197KB] ( 267 )

	152	Han Shu’an

		“Kite-flying and Fish-jumping”: Generation of a Neo-Confucian Metaphor ^Hot!
		In the contemporary process of reconfiguring the ideological landscape of Chinese philosophy, exploring the research space of Neo-Confucianism discourse proves to be a highly beneficial endeavor. Previous investigations into Neo-Confucianism discourse have predominantly focused on abstract discourse systems such as concepts and categories, often neglecting metaphors grounded in everyday life experiences. Consequently, the profound spiritual and practical implications of Chinese philosophy remain inadequately unearthed. Taking the metaphor “kite-flying and fish-jumping (Yuanfei Yuyue)” as an illustrative example, originally an employment of metaphorical rhetoric in The Book of Songs praising King Wen’s ancestral sacrifices and subsequent blessings, it underwent a creative reinterpretation by Zisi through “taking the meaning out of the context”, extending its scope to describe the virtues of the sage as an exemplar of rites and music. Gradually distancing itself from the “interpreting a text”, this discourse transitioned into the realm of “using a text”, significantly enriching and expanding its conceptual implications. Motivated by distinct considerations related to maintaining political and educational order or inventing the nature of the mind-heart, the Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty and Neo-Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty undertook differentiated conceptual restructuring of the metaphor “kite-flying and fish-jumping”. This resulted in the transformation of the metaphor into two divergent conceptual structures: the orderly “oriental metaphor” and “ontological metaphor”.In comparison, figures such as the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi employed an integrated approach that harmonized poetry and thought, emotion and reason. They systematically expounded the metaphorical implications of “kite-flying and fish-jumping” in terms of ontology, effort, spiritual realm, and value. In doing so, they fashioned it into a spiritual symbol of the Confucian life imbued with poetic aesthetic qualities. This transformation not only highlighted the Confucian life sentiment of “forming one body with all things”, but also guided later scholars on the practical path of “the sage that can be reached by learning”, leaving a profound influence on the history of thought. Despite interpretive differences in the understanding of “kite-flying and fish-jumping” between the scholars of the Han and the Song Dynasties, they fundamentally adhered to the metaphorical generation mechanism of cross-domain mapping. In the process of migration from the source domain (kite and fish) to the target domain (rites and music or principles of heaven), Confucian scholars of the Han and the Song Dynasties undertook the construction of political indoctrination or the morality of the heart. Through continuous reinterpretations by thinkers throughout the ages, “kite-flying and fish-jumping” eventually evolved into a concrete and palpable “poetic metaphor”, vividly showcasing the poetic philosophical dimension of harmoniously integrating truth and beauty within Chinese philosophy.Over an extended period, under the predominant influence of Western logical thinking that emphasizes causal relationships, Chinese culture has often been perceived as characterized by associative thinking centered on empathy and analogy. The mode of apprehending objects by proximity and discerning reality through resemblance has been exemplified as a basic method of understanding the world by the ancient Chinese. However, this is not a vague pre-modern or anti-scientific primitive thought process. Instead, it possesses distinctive grammatical generation mechanisms and social practice implications. Drawing on contemporary theories of metaphor, an exploration of the poetic wisdom embedded in classical texts may offer a more insightful revelation of the spiritual tradition in Chinese philosophy that embeds the Tao in artifacts and articulates principles through concrete matters. This endeavor could contribute to the construction of a modern Chinese civilization on the basis of returning to the roots while forging new paths, and facilitating mutual learning between Eastern and Western traditions.
		2024 Vol. 54 (2): 152-160 [Abstract] ( 133 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 733KB] ( 224 )

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