Universities are traditionally perceived as academic communities or learning communities. Socialist universities with Chinese characteristics, however, not only possess the defining features of academic communities or learning communities, but also stress the importance of fostering virtues through education, with an explicit goal that core socialist values should run through the whole process of talent cultivation. They can thus be reckoned as moral education communities. This cognition not only goes beyond the notion that universities simply serve as academic communities or learning communities, but it also reflects the essence of socialist universities with Chinese characteristics and is an essential step towards ″fostering virtues through education″ in a comprehensive manner. The common good is an ethical necessity for a moral education community and an inevitable choice for socialist universities with Chinese characteristics. While Western universities advocate the pursuit of neutral values and individual goods, socialist universities with Chinese characteristics, as moral education communities, place much emphasis on value-goal congruence and regard socialist core values as a value-goal. Towards this end, on the one hand, equal dialogues and cooperation are required among value subjects within the moral education community so as to reach a consensus on the value of common goods; on the other hand, ideological education and publicity campaigns on ideology and culture should be carried out in a top-down manner so that every individual in the moral education community can reach a consensus on common goods through value choices, value identifications and value beliefs. Moral responsibility is an essential prerequisite for a moral education community. It stresses the moral responsibility and self-construction of teachers and students and multiple subjects in a university. In the moral education community, faculties, staff, workers，students and the moral education community itself should take on the responsibilities or ″ cultivating talents by imparting knowledge″, ″cultivating talents through administration″, ″cultivating students by offering services″, ″self-education″, and ″building public morality in society″ respectively. Multiple subjects in the moral education community should also assume moral responsibilities in different fields. The classroom, as a crucial field of the moral education community, is not only the best teaching field for ″moral education″ but also the most effective space for ″moral education″; the living environment, as an important field of the community, can make up for the inadequacy of morality as knowledge in traditional classrooms and the drawbacks of professional knowledge education; and the Internet, as a community of relations, is a new essential field to publicize socialist core values and enhance college students' confidence and identity with the mainstream ideology of contemporary China. Collective collaboration is an internal logic of a moral education community. Socialist Universities with Chinese characteristics are regarded not only as collaborative and sharing learning communities with common goals but also as practice communities generated by collective cooperation. This kind of collective collaboration is a learning-based process of mutual growth and development for both teachers and students with three core elements: a common goal and vision, a common community and common practice. To achieve collective collaboration in the moral education community, teachers, students, administrators and staff members should make concerted efforts to yield a win-win situation and synergistic development among individual communities and the society by holding onto goals, clarifying responsibilities, optimizing and completing related mechanisms and setting rules.

The law of the People’s Republic of China on state-owned assets of enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the law on state-owned assets of enterprises) establishes a comprehensive supervision system of enterprises’ state-owned assets in principle. However, at present, the supervision and management system of enterprises’ state-owned assets has the confusion between the investor and the supervisor, and the confusion of the rule maker, the executor and the beneficiary, which makes it difficult to realize the comprehensive and effective supervision of state-owned assets of enterprises. The decision at the third plenary session of the 18th central committee of the CPC clearly stated that we should improve the management system of state-owned assets, strengthen the regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets mainly by capital management, and reform the system for authorized management of state capital. This raises more challenges for how to strengthen the regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets. The regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets should give consideration to different regulatory subjects, regulatory means and regulatory objects, clarify the responsibility boundary of each regulatory subject, and supervise the operation and management behaviors of enterprises’ state-owned assets from different links. The degree of legalization of administrative supervision in the regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets is a direct reflection of the effect of the reform of administrative management system. The establishment of a set of legal indicators and assessment standards for administrative supervision in the regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets is to provide an operational rule of law code of conduct for the government in the field of the regulation of enterprises’ state-owned assets. When using administrative supervision means, the supervision subject must meet the standards of rule of law in supervision basis, supervision object, law enforcement accountability and other aspects.

Extended Family Feminist Jurisprudence is a new genre of feminist jurisprudence based on a long-term discussion of Chinese women’s issues. Based on the fact that Chinese women are family-oriented and the nature of this unique problem, it seeks to liberate Chinese women from the interference of extended-family relationships, and to justify and standardize the relationship supported by the extended family. In the meantime, it refers to the feminist rights from bottom to top movement employed in the West, which promoted the pattern of legislative behavior and transformed feminist legal theory into a practical social rule. This paper first analyzed the reality of Chinese women, pointing out that the primary environment which Chinese women face is their extended family. This feature constitutes the difference between Chinese women and Western women because the important, influential environment field of the latter refers only to its core family. Secondly, this article discussed the theoretical support of ″family orientation″ based on the marriage theory by Francis L. K. Hsu and Li Xia’s theory of female kinship. Thirdly, this article systematically explained the construction of the extended family feminist jurisprudence, that is, how to construct a new feminist jurisprudence in the context of family orientation. Fourth, the article analyzed the relationship between extended-family feminist jurisprudence and existing feminist jurisprudence, highlighting the advantages of extended family feminist jurisprudence compared with the previous feminist jurisprudence, that is, it fully considered the unique reality that Chinese women are facing from the perspective of an external framework, and it examined the internal factors of feminist jurisprudence through historical research, comparative research and summarization evaluation of external categories, so as to more rationally define the core of the Chinese feminist jurisprudence. The extended family feminist jurisprudence research employed the rule of law in China as the basic framework and Chinese feminism as the underlying research object and analyzed and summarized its current situation and future construction through empirical methods. The research method adopted in this article includes a general method of feminist research combined with legal research methods and sociological research methods. It is also assisted with practical methods and strives to realize the protection of women’s rights under the unique realities in China by applying various strategies besides law. Extended family feminist jurisprudence not only absorbed the disciplinary research methods of traditional feminism, but also referred to the Western approaches, especially the feminist and feminist jurisprudence research methods in the United States. The innovation of this article lies in the fact that the initiation of the extended family feminist jurisprudence aims at providing a legitimate basis for the release of Chinese women’s role in the extended family system, and aims to improve the cultural basis and legal basis of Chinese women’s legal protection. With the objective of exploring the development path of the Chinese rule of law with Chinese characteristics, the extended family feminism indicates not only another exploration of the development of the Chinese rule of law theory and practice but also a Chinese scholarship making up the gap with Chinese perspectives in the world map of feminist legal studies.

Chinese news reported by American media outlets is famous of its biased and tendentious reporting strategy, which could be understood as the portraying of China and its policies in a rather negative or critical perspective.As the increasing importance of public information, media slant on Chinese news has ever been applied to American political elections due to recent works. However, based on different research methods, scholars still did not come to an agreement on the existence of attitude deviation on Chinese news and its causes. As the rapid rise of innovative economic methods, the research about media slant on China could be done in a perspective of media economics. On the other hand, previous works pay more attention to biased reporting selections in domestic news reports. Most of the models are constructed under the condition of duopoly market where media outlets make their optimal choices with their political endorsement. This paper focuses on the characteristics of international news reports, which are barely examined by previous researches. Firstly, we construct a reporting-attitude model of international news, interpreting the internal mechanism of attitude deviation selection. We consider the international news market as a monopoly model, as media’s attitude strategies depend more on the ideology and values differences between two countries. Therefore, special impacts could be used to explain the reason of media deviation, such as journalists’ media relevance. The theoretical model reveals that the selections of journalists’ reporting strategies mainly depend on the degree of social acceptance of negative news and the importance of reporting news. Interestingly, only when the social acceptability of negative reports is high will there be a deviation between kinds of reporters, that is, journalists with higher relevance tend to report negatively, while journalists with lower relevance tend to report positively. Subsequently, based on the data of the New York Times’ news reports on China from 2010 to 2016, we build the Chinese news attitude index and test the accuracy of it with manual identification. Later, we use Probit model to prove the conclusion of the theoretical model. The results show that Times journalist tends to report more negatively than non-Times journalists, and journalists tend to report more negatively than freelance journalists. This is consistent with the conclusion of the theoretical model. Meantime, the difference of reporting attitude only appears in the field of international news with general news importance, which also verifies our theoretical analysis. These results not only accord with the analysis of the theoretical model, but also show that the negative Chinese news produced by American media originates from the priori prejudice of American public. Finally, after replacing the attitude index and controlling the missing variables, we find that the empirical results still support our conclusions. From the perspective of China, this paper provides a news framework of how to choose the reporting strategies when American media or other Western media report Chinese news. Through this framework, we observe the interaction effects between supply factors and demand factors whose impact on media deviation are mixed. Our work not only supplements the theories about impacts on media deviation and media bias, but also enriches the literature of U.S. media slant against China with new perspectives and methods. Furthermore, our work provides a new research method on designing media deviation or media bias index for more detailed conclusion proof. Previous work constructs indexes concerning media content without avoiding manual identification, which is easily questioned by indexes’ accuracy and artificial cognition problem. We think highly of the theoretical basis of the index and the accuracy proof from other ways, which make our index provable and exercisable with further research process.

People’s Daily Online is China’s mainstream international news website; thus, it is a useful object to consider in determining the communicative validity of Chinese discourse on international affairs. The present research is based on a corpus containing 300 international news articles in 2017, centering on ″China″ as a theme, from People’s Daily Online website. The research entailed a quantitative analysis of the discourse moves at both synchronic and diachronic levels. In doing that, two synchronic reference corpora were built with articles from Washington Post and The Times. These two reference corpora were used for observing the international acceptors’ acceptance inclination. Furthermore, for observing the generic evolution of People’s Daily Online, its news articles in the systematic corpus, published between 2010 and 2017, were diachronically analyzed. It was found that the genre of People’s Daily Online has been steadily stable throughout the 8 years, with features including: ″headlines″ formulated with event elements; ″information source″ identified by dominant institute names; ″event description″ conducted generally and statistically; ″event comment″ subjectively worded by the media itself. Based on Functional Linguistic Theory, further examination of these features indicates that People’s Daily Online tends to construct an unequal relationship between a ″stronger″ broadcaster and ″weaker″ acceptor. This relationship has different effects on broadcasting with centralized information resources as compared to broadcasting with highly open information resources. In the former, relationship is manifested in the equilibrium between broadcaster and acceptor, rather than in equality, while the broadcasting validity is still high. People’s Daily Online as a large-scale official media outlet has the advantage of considerable information resources and broadcasting capital. At the same time, the audiences have limited capability in participation; thus, acquiring information passively is the most effective and economical way for them. This relationship between acceptor and broadcaster is underpinned by the Marxist principles of broadcast communication practiced in China. On the other hand, international audiences, who are mostly accustomed to Western ″commercialized″ news, tend to lose feelings of relativity and interest in the information broadcasted. This repercussion can be addressed through generic strategies such as: introducing lead-in moves such as, subtitles; presenting individual cases in ″event description″ and annotations on cultural backgrounds; increasing the number of quotes from common personalities in ″event comments″. On the other hand, in broadcasts with highly open information resources, the relationship between broadcaster and acceptor has neither equilibrium nor equality. With the development of social informatization, common audiences have acquired more participation capabilities and accordingly they appeal for a more equal relationship with the media. Therefore, the prevailing media-audience relationship falls short of satisfying the audiences’ needs and raises their sense of resistance to information acquisition. In this case, the generic strategies of weakening the institute identity of the media, and offering speaking and communication channels to the audiences can be adopted. Apart from generic stability, the People’s Daily Online also presents generic variations for adapting to the new trends of media integration, as evidenced by slow growth in the usage of the discourse moves, ″event comments″ and ″headlines″. The two-sided generic features generated with the guidance of Chinese Marxism News Conception in complicated communication environment. Chinese media should find a balance between adherence to Chinese news ideology and adaptation to the acceptors’ requirements while promoting the development of Chinese international media discourses that are suited to China’s national conditions. The study offers a validity analysis frame work for China’s international news genre in three levels: analyzing the state of equilibrium between the broadcaster and the acceptor; appraising the validity of the broadcaster; and, subsequently, proposing enhancement strategies based on the Marxist Conception of News. Furthermore, the corpus-based quantitative study provides an objective and empirical method for analyzing abstract discourse structure, and finally ensures the credibility of the conclusions reached in the research.

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, investigation on duty crimes has undergone reforms and adjustments several times, supported by the amendments of relevant laws and regulations such as the criminal procedure law. What lies behind these reforms are the major changes in the political and judicial systems. Against the backdrop of the reform of the national supervision system, clarifying the relationship between investigation and supervision requires us to carefully sort out the pattern evolution of duty crime prosecution and to think over the effective connection of supervision and criminal proceedings in the perspective of criminal justice system. Our nation’s traditional investigation of duty crime has been featured with strong authoritarianism, which is in line with the amendment of our nation’s criminal procedure laws. What lies deeply behind the investigation is the game between punishing crimes and protecting human rights. Here are some examples: joint case handling against the background of anti-corruption campaigns before 1978, inquisitorial investigation dominated by procuratorial organs after 1979, and the combination of interrogative and adversarial modes of investigation based on the conception of human rights protection formed by the two revision of criminal procedure law since 1996. The evolution of duty crime prosecution modes is consistent with the maturity of due process, with a basic direction of rational expansion and legal regulation. It is directly reflected in the further advancement of the legislation of duty crime investigation, the regulation of power and the protection of rights. Under the background ofthe reform of the unified supervision system, the investigation of duty crimes has evolved into a new pattern, which is characterized by ″supervisory organs-led supervision, complemented by procuratorial organs investigation.″ The newly established supervision and investigation system is the continuation of the former duty crime investigation, which constitutes the basis for the effective connection between supervision and criminal proceedings from the perspective of criminal justice system. Through a careful study of the model evolution of duty crime prosecution in China, it is predicted that system construction and practice process of duty crime prosecution by supervisory organs will still be accompanied by reasonable expansion and effective regulation. That means the main value orientation of supervisory investigation will still be punishing crimes for a long time in the future, while human rights protection is an indispensable independent value in this process. The basis of supervision system reform based on effective supervision is aimed at the goal of reasonable regulation. In order to improve the system, it is necessary to clarify the application of the conceptions of human rights protection on the basis of respecting judicial laws and adhering to the conceptions of rule of law with the proportionality principle. By ″checking power with power″ and ″checking power with rights″, we can promote the transformation to rule of law of the criminal justice for duty crimes.

The reason why there is still academic disagreement on whether ″error of law″ is an independent element of the revocation of an administrative action is that scholars do not distinguish between ″abstract concepts″ and ″typology″ in their research methods. In terms of jurisprudence methodology, a complete legal system is composed of the ″internal system″ constituted of legal principles and the ″external system″ with the abstract concept as the core, and between them is the ″type″ which plays the role of ″a connecting bridge″. The method of ″abstract concept″ ensures the high degree of accuracy and closeness of the concept by extracting elements of the adjustment objects individually and separately to maintain the stability of the legal system. However, this method cannot satisfy the diversity of meanings in life or legal contexts, because it is always in pursuit of universalization of concepts. Whereas the method of typology aims to grasp the overall characteristics of concepts, so it is able to regulate the adjustment objects specifically and integrally. In administrative litigations, revocation elements of administrative actions are defined by describing the illegal phenomenon, and therefore, revocation elements belong to typical types rather than abstract concepts since they are characterized by liquidity and inability to strictly define boundaries. There may be overlapping or logical non-periodic issues among various revocation elements from the perspective of typology, but typology helps to adjust the various illegal administrative actions in the administrative process, so as to realize the function of judicial review. ″Error of law″ belongs to administrative violation. The Gazette of the Supreme Peoples Court shows that judges have unconsciously adopted the method of typology, and taken the ″justification elements″ and ″interpretative elements″ as core elements of judgment. However, the classification of some cases shows that it is necessary to construct reasonable types in theory. According to the basic elements of the legal application process, ″factual illegality″ and ″legal illegality″ belong to the ″ideal type″ of administrative illegality in the ″pedigree″ of administrative violations, while other forms of illegality are ″mixed types″ or ″intermediate types″ between ″factual illegality″ and ″legal illegality″. ″Error of law″ is close to ″legal illegality″ and has its normative field. It is the concrete manifestation of the ″justification error″ in its form, and the ″interpretation error″ as its substantive feature is the commonness shared with other types of violations. In such a sense, the type of ″error of law″ reflects its independent connotation, but does not solidify the boundaries between the elements of revocation, therefore formes a complete and highly adaptable normative field, which can effectively adjust the various cases of ″error of law″ in judicial practice. At the same time, in order to avoid difficulties in judicial practice caused by the overlap of illegal types, core elements of administrative actions can be used as the benchmark, and ″interpretation errors″ at different levels can be classified corresponding to other illegal types. Those errors that cannot be classified can be included in ″error of law″. From the perspective of typology, the judicial review criteria for the ″justification error″ should be established based on the principles of correspondence, legitimacy and completeness, while the review of the ″interpretation error″ should be combined with individual cases and should be improved through administrative trial practice.

The development of platform economy has improved the efficiency and effectiveness of business and commerce. However, at the same time, the sellers on e-commerce platform are beginning to commit new types of commercial frauds, such as brushing, false transactions, privacy disclosure, traffic fraud, rating fraud, etc. These fraudulent practices in platform economy are emerging in an endless stream. Meanwhile, the government cannot effectively govern sellers’ fraud behaviors on platform due to the existence of practical conflicts in that there are too many sellers, the process of supervision on platform is too much a burden, as well as the present technical skill and law enforcement personnel are rather limited. Therefore, as the direct manager, how the platform enterprise can effectively and efficiently govern sellers’ commercial fraud is a realistic problem that needs to be solved urgently. In the current literature, there have already existed abundant researches on causes and governance related to fraud behavior, yet there are still gaps that should be filled. On theone hand, in terms of theory, the literature is less concerned with external factors that influence fraud, ignoring the influencing factors within the ecosystem and the industrial chain. On the other hand, the understanding of the connotation and types of commercial fraud is mostly limited to financial fraud, accounting fraud and management fraud, leading to the lack of innovation in studying new context and situation where fraud behaviors occur. Yet, with the booming of platform economy, fraud research should no longer be limited to traditional perspectives of finance and accounting. Even though a few studies have started to pay attention to the prevention of e-commerce fraud risk, in-depth and systematic research on commercial fraud from the perspective of platform economy is obviously insufficient. Based on the above review, this research puts commercial fraud into the specific context of platform economy, trying to unpack the black box that holds the emergence and governance of sellers’ commercial fraud in platform economy. Utilizing game theory, the evolutionary process of sellers’ fraud behavior on e-commerce platform and the regulation strategy of the platform enterprise are developed. Throughout the model building, the key relevant influencing factors of the evolutionary process are analyzed and the governance recommendations are proposed accordingly. Specifically, the static game model is firstly applied with individual perspective to analyze one seller’s fraud behavior, and it lays foundation for further establishment of evolutionary game model for the group of sellers after relaxing certain assumptions. In the end, the evolutionary stability strategies under different conditions are drawn. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of individuals, whether a seller is fraudulent or not is closely dependent upon the cost of platform enterprise conducting strong-supervision, the benefit from the network effect of the platform, and the penalties facing the sellers and the platform; (2) From the perspective of groups, whether no-fraud is a stable strategy of the sellers or not will be affected by the platform’s supervision costs and network effect benefits, the sellers’ earnings from fraud, the sellers’ opportunity costs and implementation costs related with the fraud, the material and non-material losses suffered by sellers due to fraud, as well as the penalties facing fraudulent sellers and platform enterprises with weak-supervision. Therefore, the recommendations to govern sellers’ fraud behavior on platform can be put forward as the followings. First, platform enterprises should adjust supervision tactics based on their development stage while the government should formulate flexible reward and punishment system for platform enterprises accordingly. Second, focusing on the matters before and during the event, the platform enterprises need to strengthen technical supervision on different types of fraud. Third, focusing on the matters after the event, the platform needs to establish regulations on punishment and reward for fraudulent and non-fraudulent sellers respectively. To conclude, compared with existing literature, the theoretical contributions this research makes are mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, the subject of commercial fraud is investigated in the specific context of platform economy, enriching the contextual research on fraud. Second, the research breaks through the previous framework of government-led or market-led fraud governance and explores the governance of sellers’ fraud behavior from the perspective of platform enterprises, improving the research on fraud governance. Third, with the interaction between platform enterprises and sellers in platform economy being studied within the specific game problem of regulation and fraud, the black box that contains the interaction among major players in platform economy is deeply examined, which expands the governance research of platform economy. Fourthly, a more realistic evolutionary game model between platform enterprises and sellers is constructed by taking into full consideration of factors such as bounded rationality and dual attributes of platform enterprises in assumptions. In the practical sense, this research helps platform enterprises and government better understand the sellers’ fraud behavior, and provides strategic guidance as to how to govern sellers’ fraud behavior on the platform from the perspective of platform enterprise.

Corpus-based literary studies refers to the study of features of literary texts, writer's style, and the relationship between literature and the society by using corpus methodology, based on the statistical analysis of the features of literary texts. The studies, which originates from the linguistic turn of literary studies and the rapid development of corpus linguistics, has its research methodology distinct from traditional literary studies, namely corpus methodology, and its unique research areas, such as corpus stylistics and writer attribution. Moreover, the scholars of corpus-based literary studies emphasize descriptive studies and give priority to descriptive integrity and explanatory adequacy, arguing that literary studies should try to reveal the meaning of literary texts, and their connection with socio-cultural factors including ideology. It can thus be held that corpus-based literary studies is not only a methodology but also a research paradigm. This paradigm, on the one hand, attempts to generalize the regularities of literary language and literary creation based on statistical analysis of large amounts of literary texts, thereby overcoming the limitations in traditional literary studies, such as subjectivity and partiality, and making the research results more objective and scientific. On the other hand, while emphasizing the analysis of universal features, such as features of literary language and poetical traditions, the paradigm also pays attention to the study of such idiosyncratic features as literary creativity and writer's style. In addition, the paradigm integrates the internal study of literature with the external study of literature, breaking through the long-standing barrier between the two.  Corpus-based literary studies is essentially empirical studies based on the use of corpora, which is featured by the use of corpus methodology, the combination of quantitative research with qualitative research, and the use of text mining. Its research areas primarily include corpus-based study of literary texts, corpus-based study of writers, corpus-based study of the history of literature and corpus-based study of literary theories. Corpus-based literary studies not only means a significant change in the research methodology of literary studies, but also means a broadened scope in literary studies. The use of corpus methodology in literary studies makes possible multilevel description of the stylistic features of literary texts, and the study of stylistic features of literary texts has gained new momentum accordingly. Additionally, other related research areas have solid foundation as a result of the use of corpus methodology, including the study of the writers' use of creation techniques and styles, the study of the image of characters, and comparative literature. Moreover, the research in the field attempts to verify whether literary texts produced by writers of specific literary schools have been created according to their theories or ideas, thus broadening the scope of the study of literary theories.

Diplomatic attitudinal expressions refer to new vocabulary and new concepts expressed by the government in diplomatic contexts, which belong to typical languages of evaluation. Diplomatic attitudinal expressions are an important part of the diplomatic discourse and even the core composition of the diplomatic discourse system. Their special attributes determine that they should be examined from a multidisciplinary perspective such as linguistics, diplomacy and communication. In the interdisciplinary perspective of the ″Appraisal System″ of Systemic Functional Linguistics and the ″political equivalence″ principle of diplomatic translation, the relationship between diplomatic attitudinal expressions and the diplomatic context is supervenient instead of circumvenient. It is not the diplomatic context that determines what diplomatic language is used. On the contrary, it is the diplomatic language used that embodies the diplomatic context and diplomatic attitude.  In the process of translating diplomatic expressions, same type of evaluation is the first principle, namely, commendatory terms to commendatory terms, derogatory terms to derogatory terms, and correspondence of evaluation key. The evaluation key refers to the fixed tendency of a certain evaluation and the evaluation feature of maintaining a unified diplomatic position. The correspondence consists of two dimensions: diachronic and synchronic. Diachronic correspondence means that the diplomatic expressions should be stable and consistent in a certain period of time, forming a set of evaluation tone with fixed diplomatic vocabulary. Synchronic correspondence means that in a fixed evaluation domain formed by the government on a fixed diplomatic object, diplomatic expressions should form an evaluation unity, with steady and same appraisal words together as a whole. For a fixed country or a fixed diplomatic issue, the government should use a fixed expression to express the attitude of evaluation. At present, the English translation of the important diplomatic expression ″can bai″(参拜) in China does not conform to the principle of equivalence of evaluation types, and also does not conform to the principle of equivalence of specific diplomatic attitudes, failing to maintain the unity of diplomatic positions in both the synchronic and diachronic dimensions. Firstly, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China translates ″can bai″ as ″visit″, which is a semantic evaluation of neutrality. This translation resulted in the lack of diplomatic attitudes of the Chinese government in the English version. Secondly, the Chinese government's use of the word ″can bai″ in the diplomatic context has formed an evaluation tone in the synchronic and diachronic dimensions. It has been given special evaluation semantics and is only used to evaluate Japanese officials' visiting to the Yasukuni Shrine. But the use of the English word ″visit″ also includes neutral evaluation semantics, and even high-level commendatory evaluations. Therefore, compared with the original Chinese word ″can bai″, the English translation ″visit″ lacks the evaluation tone, and cannot convey the unity of the diplomatic position of the original text. The translation of diplomatic expressions is an important part of the construction of China's diplomatic discourse system. Under the goal of building a shared future for mankind in the new era, the translation and overseas publicity of diplomatic attitudinal expressions need to introduce a broader perspective of multidiscipline and a deeper theoretical observation.

Literature translation is of great significance in constructing China's image and China's discourse in that it is inclusive, penetrative and imperceptible in addition to being more believable and acceptable. The plentiful and colorful discourses constructed by Howard Goldblatt through translating Mo Yan's novels have been viewed as a key channel for Westerners to learn about China. China's traditional translational discourses have facilitated the transmission of Chinese language, literature and culture features and the shaping of China's multi-dimensional profiles in the world as well. Furthermore, it is through the translation and transmission of China's discourse that the international community understands China better; and the construction of China's discourse is also increasingly important for China to go global and carry out the Belt and Road initiative. Hence relevant studies have gradually aroused a greater interest among researchers from the government and the academia in China. Such studies, it is believed, can help to avoid distorting and misinterpreting China's discourse in the international community, so as to shed some light on the re-construction of a positive image and China's discourse in the world. Though there is a heated discussion and study on Mo Yan's novels and Howard Goldblatt's translations, nowadays, very few corpus-based researches have been conducted. Therefore, the study describes and expounds China's discourse set up in Mo Yan's novels and Howard Goldblatt's translations in details, that is, this study combines corpus-based research methodology with descriptive translation studies systematically. This study focuses on not only the influence of source language on the target language discourse construction, but also especially on the ″creative treason″ when the target language reconstructs China's discourse. Meanwhile, this study especially concentrates on the transference from the similarities between the discourse created in Mo Yan's novels and Howard Goldblatt's translations to their differences and the exploration of the reasons leading to their differences. It is hoped that this study can have some implications on the theoretical and methodological guidance for future researches in this field.  After probing the discourse constructed by Howard Goldblatt, it is found that Goldblatt aims at deconstructing the dominant discourse of Western literature translation by primarily adopting foreignization so as to highlight China's discourse power, and he purposefully chooses to adapt to target discourse features as well to make his translations well-accepted around the world, he has achieved an ideal effect in the transmission of China's image. To preserve fully the original flavor of the source text and reproduce better the sense and style, Howard Goldblatt takes literal translation as the prominent strategy, and even follows strictly the expression patterns of the source language. That is, the translator transfers the word order, sentence order and structure of Mo Yan's works to English translations by adopting literal translation strategy. So he has endeavored a lot to break through the barrier of the Western literature translation discourse, and make prominent the characteristics of China's discourses. To be specific, as he renders China-specific discourse expressions, including culture-specific vocabulary, non-conventional collocations and idioms, the translator adopts the literal translation, even stiff translation strategy at first to convey China's discourse; as he translates China's traditional folk art discourses, such as ballads, folk songs and traditional Chinese opera, etc., he conveys actively Chinese literary discourse paradigms by keeping their original domestic characteristics; in addition, Howard Goldblatt adopts different translation strategies in dealing with Chinese cultural discourse. He takes connective and harmonious strategies when dealing with intercommunicative Chinese cultural discourse, and he adopts a harmonious yet different method when translating non-communicative Chinese cultural discourse. Generally speaking, as to his translation and transmission of China's discourse, Howard Goldblatt constructs and reconstructs China's translational discourse consciously and voluntarily. He therefore brings about desirable effects in transmitting China's discourse. In this study, it is proposed that more emphasis should be laid on literature creation and translation quality, translation strategy and translator collaboration, etc. in future researches so as to construct accessible and acceptable China's cultural discourses with the characteristics of connecting the world with harmony and seeking harmony out of diversity, etc.

Compared with the studies of Ci in Ming and Qing based on phonology, musical scores and metrical patterns, a major change in modern Ci studies is to expand the research horizon and to reexamine the origin of words and Ci styles from the perspective of the relationship between Ci and Yue (music). With the introduction of Western musicology and the rise of modern Chinese musicology, a group of scholars with the latest knowledge of Western learning, including Shen Xingong, Wang Guangqi, Hu Shih, Zhu Qianzhi, Xiao Youmei, Huang Zi, Zhao Yuanren and Long Yusheng, use the methods of modern musicology to examine the tradition of Chinese Ci , redefining the concept of "writing Ci in accordance with musical scores " and constructing a modern Ci system which is completely different from traditional Ci studies. The influence of modern musicology on the Ci studies is mainly embodied in two aspects. One is the establishment of the concept of "music literature" and the other is the redefinition of “writing Ci in accordance with musical scores". The study of Ci style from the perspective of modern musicology mainly benefits from the writing practices and theoretical explorations of school music and artistic songs. These practices include writing Ci according to the musical scores, refurbishment of old musical scores, multiple Ci poems based on one musical scores, combination of Chinese and foreign music and many more, with the spread of Western Huyue and the rise of Quzici in Tang. It was a common practice that people wrote modern Chinese artistic lyrics based on Western melodies, this practice has been used as a reference for modern Ci studies and serves as an empirical basis for understanding the relationship between traditional Ci and music, especially the relationship between “writing Ci in accordance with musical scores” and “selecting Ci conforming to musical scores”. The establishment of the concept of "music literature" and the redefinition of “writing Ci in accordance with musical scores” have promoted the study of traditional musical scoring to the level of modern musicology. The musical scores of the poems of Tang and Song were Guganpu. It was a normal practice to develop variants according to a major tune, variants which were different from the fixed modern Western musical scores. In the past, the definition of the essential characteristics of Ci emphasized that a musical score decided a Ci poem writing in terms of Shengshi (musical poems) and Yuefu poems, while on the other hand it neglected selecting poems for musical scores, even writing musical scores according to Ci and singing in accordance with Ci. Modern musicology provides both a theoretical and a practical basis for us to attribute the origin of Ci to a kind of music or musical form, whereas at the same time exaggerates the decisive functions of music and creates a narrow understanding of “Ci writing in accordance with musical scores”. In the concepts of Western music, music scores are complete and self-contained, but traditional Chinese music scores are only part of the ancient Chinese music. There are more abundant elements of performance besides the musical scores. Traditional song writing of folk music and melody does not only include “singing in accordance with Ci” based on form, but there is also “singing in accordance with Yi” based on meaning. The former is based on the tone of a single Chinese character in Ci lyrics to determine the direction of the melody tone. The latter is in the process of the singing to express the meaning of specific words and emotions in the content of Ci, with different movement forms. While making use of modern musicology to sort out and study the ancient literature of Ci and music, we should pay more attention to traditional Yue (music) studies, to music handed down from the Tang and Song Dynasties and its practice among the locals, and construct a historical view of Ci or the study of Ci style of Tang and Song based on the unification of history, logic and practices.