Membership right of China's farmers means the legal qualification,with which the farmers can enjoy the legal status in the village collective as well as the interests,as is confirmed by the China's legal system .It is a private right as is enjoyed by the farmers based on the membership in the farmer collective,which includes village community membership right,economic collective membership right and autonomous community membership right .It is the right based on the collective law instead of personal law .Furthermore,it is based on the special membership,which cannot be sold or inherited,but can be transferred with the membership change . Law transcends the natural and social differences and gives each farmer the same membership qualification and membership right,by which farmers can equally share the village collective interests as they subsist in the village organization and farmers collective . Membership qualification serves as the boundary between the insiders and outsiders of the collective .The collective has the responsibility of providing interests and service to the members while the members have the obligation of abiding by the village community administration and management rules .The members in the collective have rights and obligations towards each other in the legal and beneficial sense based on their common property .In terms of village community relationship,the farmer membership right,with the farmers in the collective as the subject and relevant benefits of the collective as the object,demonstrates general rights and benefits with the private interests as the core,which has the following functions :confirmation of legal status of the farmers as the main body in the collective;putting the farmers' collective interests back to the farmers themselves;upholding the principles of the village community organization;fulfilling the safeguard function of the land . The basic structure of the farmer membership right is a system of rights as governed by the membership qualification .The membership right,as is summarized based on the concrete rights,includes various concrete substantial or procedural rights .A member has the following rights towards the farmers collective :collective property share right,public facility utilization right,land contractual management right,homestead allotment right,surplus allotment right,collective benefit obtainment right,information-sharing right,democratic administration right,voting right,application cancellation right,additional convention right and litigation right .A member has the following rights towards the village committee :voting right,superintendence right,questioning right,and recall right .A member has the following rights towards other members :equal status right,cooperation requirement right,and superintendence right . A member has the following rights towards outsiders :elimination right,collective share,priority of contracting″four kinds of wasteland″and land contractual management right . The free will of member can only be practiced in the space of specific system .With regards to the basic rights of the farmers such as the membership qualification,it can be stipulated by the law with no room for the village community administrative rules and personal will to play their roles .With regards to the collective interests of the village community and common interests of the farmer membership change,it shall be governed by the village community administrative rules .With regards to the self-interests of the membership change,it shall be determined by the free will of the relevant .The original requirement for the obtainment of the membership is the input of factors of production such as land during the cooperation period . Afterwards,the membership qualification shall be confirmed in the forms of share-obtainment,household register,birth,marriage,migration,government arrangement,village convention resolution,and etc .The deprivation of membership shall be legally stipulated and village convention shall be empowered to announce the deprivation of membership according to the legal conditions and procedure .The legal conditions for the change of membership right shall include both the legal behaviors based on the private law such as adoption and marriage and the legal behaviors based on the public law such as the merger of villages and migration arrangement .

In markets with qualitative uncertainty,pricing on the basis of average quality will be unattractive to participants whose products are above average in quality,quality certification thus could be an alternative to exit from the market in such situation .Overlapping quality certification may significantly improve the consumer's confidence of the food quality and safety .This paper focuses on the multiple quality certification of agri-food producer in Zhejiang province .Based on the producer level data from household farms,farmer cooperatives and agricultural companies,the producer's certification status is modeled using Heckman two-step procedure . The first-stage results using Probit model show that,if the influence of the region which the producer is located,the product category and the type of producer are controlled,the producer's likelihood of certification is determined by the size,the human capital,the brand status,the level to which the producer's markets are diversified,external market incentive,internal entity responsibility,the transaction cost,while the role of the government regulation pressure and producer's resource capability is not significant .In the second-stage,the safety certification intensity of the producers has been studied with the application of the ordered Probit model after correcting sample selection bias . The results show that the number of standards to which a producer is certified is positively related to the size,the human capital,the brand status,external market incentive,internal entity responsibility,but inversely influenced by the level to which the producer's markets are diversified,and the transaction cost . In other words,the producer focusing on a few markets were more likely to certify to one quality standard,but less likely to certify to multiple quality standards,and the producer focusing on out-province market were more likely to certify to multiple quality standards . External market incentive and internal entity responsibility enhance the propensity to be certified to multiple quality standards .While the transaction cost would curb the producer's propensity to be certified to multiple standards . In general,the producer's quality certification decision is the trade-off between the benefits and costs,and constrained by the resource capability of the producer and the environment which the producer faced to .The producer's behavior of quality multiple certification is driven more by market incentive and internal entity responsibility,not the government regulation pressure .The above analysis suggests that frequently-occurred food safety incidents have increased Chinese producers' responsibility about food quality and safety,and the producer could be a reliable power to promote the food quality and safety . Basing on the conclusions all above,it is proposed that the regulation efforts of government in agri-food quality and safety market at this stage should focus on the construction of operation system to safeguard the market mechanism .Firstly,pay more attention to bring the producer's role into full play in food quality and safety,implement the institution to ensure the producer as the first responsibility entity to secure agri-food safety .Secondly,strengthen the supervision of the certification agencies and ensure the reliability of authentication information,and maintain an orderly circumstance of effective certification market . Thirdly,stricter authentication label regulations in product market are required to ensure the accuracy of information released by producers .At last,in order to ensure the practicability of the standards,the government should constantly communicate with the producers,continuously revise the standards according to the feedback from the producers,and reinforce the training and promotion of the standards .

Zipf's Law is an important principle to determine city agglomeration and urban system rationality,which reflects the simple and accurate relationship between city size and its rank . Since the definition of cities in Zipf's Law has roused much controversy due to the too macro spatial scale that cannot exactly reflect the actual city size,scholars have moved on to the functional urban areas (city clusters) at the micro level,which breaks down the traditional administrative boundaries . To solve this problem,this article introduces a new method of defining city boundaries from abroad—City Clustering Algorithm to analyze China's city size distribution,that is,a″city″is defined as a maximally connected cluster of contiguous populated sites within a prescribed distance l and above a population density cutoff threshold D .These established city clusters are used to analyze China's city size distribution,with the sum of population of all populated sites within each city cluster as its population .The main findings of this article are shown as follows :First,China's city size distribution basically obeys Zipf's Law,indicating that the urban system based on employed population has a rank-size distribution,namely,a relatively balanced development of cities with different ranks .Second,by comparing the results of the city size distribution based on City Clustering Algorithm and the results at different scales of prefecture-level cities,counties,townships and streets,it has been proved that City Clustering Algorithm is an effective method to study the city size distribution,which breaks down the traditional administrative boundaries and makes up for deficiencies at both the macro (underestimating the number of small city clusters with a small sample of cities) and the micro (overestimating the number of small city clusters with data errors) level .Third,this method can reflect actual city sizes,making the results more scientific and reasonable;the effectiveness and robustness of this method have been verified by the related analysis of US,Great Britain and China (this article) .Last but not least,with regard to China's current new era of the urban and rural dual structure in transition and the abolishment of the boundaries between urban and rural areas,it is of great significance to define the urban functional areas (or city clusters) according to certain rules (just like the combination of the distance threshold and the population density threshold in this paper) and to set up China's cities based on the urban functional areas . However,there are two main deficiencies in this study :One is the lack of data accuracy at the micro level,which is obtained by matching the employment data of the second (2008) economic census data and the spatial map at the level of townships and streets in 2000 after data correction;the other one is lack of population data at the micro level,making it impossible to be compared with the result of employment data at the micro level .

Multi-sector neoclassical growth models up to date still largely remain at a highly aggregate level in explaining structural changes and inter-sectoral labor movements .By assuming a homogeneous labor force,they tend to have a limitation in revealing how individual characteristics affect structural transformations .This paper intends to reexamine these theories at a micro level of individual workers .With the 1986 2009 Urban Household Survey Data of China's National Bureau of Statistics,we match a person over years using the invariant information of his or her family .We find substantial differences in labor force compositions across sectors :the primary sector has the largest share of workers with an educational attainment of junior high school or below and male workers,whereas the tertiary sector has the largest share of workers with higher education levels and females .But the age and work experience compositions do not differ much . We establish a functional relationship between workers' individual characteristics and their sector-switch choices based on a theoretical model,and derive an empirically testable multinomial-logit model from the relationship . Individual characteristics are gender,age,educational attainment,danwei type,job type,and work experiences .We notice industrial characteristics can also affect workers' sector-switch choices,so we control each industry's labor share in SOE and collectively owned firms,productivity growth rate,and an additional fixed effect .We finally control the real GDP per capita of each worker's province according to structural change theories . The multinomial-logit model is estimated by the panel data matched from Urban Household Surveys .We find that for people who have already been working,females tend to join the primary sector with a lower probability but the tertiary sector with a higher probability;a higher education level and vocational education encourage workers to join the tertiary sector;people with a white collar job also tend to leave the primary sector and join the tertiary sector;work experiences exert a nonlinear effect,which is firstly negative and then positive,on the probability to join the tertiary sector .For people who start to work for the first time,gender,age and a college or above degree are key factors to determine their sector choices .In particular,females and college graduates are more likely to join the tertiary sector,while age have a nonlinear effect,which is also negative first and positive later,on this probability .As to industrial characteristics,we find that a higher share of SOE and collectively owned firms workers discourages people to leave the primary sector and join the tertiary sector,but these effects are partly mitigated by a productivity growth in the primary sector . In the meantime,a productivity growth in the secondary sector induces people to leave the primary or secondary sector for the tertiary sector,whereas a productivity growth in the tertiary sector does the opposite .Finally,consistent with structural change theories,higher income leads workers to leave the primary sector and join the tertiary sector .With robustness checks,we find these results valid at more detailed industry levels and in different periods .This study sheds light on making industrial policies compatible with the country's labor force composition and choosing the proper engine to facilitate the country's structural changes .