China image reflected in literary works can be interpreted as aesthetic imagination or construction around 'China'.It is derived from individual writer's individual perceptions in specific space and time.Owing to the powerful influence of the Western culture in the 20th century，the 'China image' contemplated by the Chinese natives falls into two categories: self-exoticism and self-hallucinating.Taking the image's route of dissemination into consideration，the 'China image' is often in a dilemma:political attitudes to which we have to adhere when declaring ourselves and the imbalance of reception of China image among different worlds.If we want to construct a better 'China' in today's world of globalization，we should，first of all，be able to manage these three relations: (1)the relation between the native experience and the universal values; (2)the relation between cultural confidence and cultural self-consciousness; and (3)the relation between cultural imitation and cultural originality.
The institutional reform of land property rights is confronted with various challenges from all aspects of the economicand social lives in thecurrent stage .The original property reform theory does not agree with the current practical requirement of land use and management .How to fully reflect the political,social,organizational and juristic nature of land property right in the newly-formed concepts of land property reform and its institutional innovation,and further provide a trajectory for future reforms in China,are the main purposes of our theoretical research . It needs to combine together the theories of economics and sociology to analyze related issues .The four-level-social-analysis framework proposed by Williamson provides a good logic to link property right with resource allocation,sociology with economics . Through such a logic,a comprehensive analysis on the nature and the assessment of Chinese land propertycan be achieved,whichcanfurther provide a theoretical basis for the trajectory choice of the current land property reform .The analysis offers scientific references for the new-round of land property reformin China .
Quantitatively self demographic effects of Chinese population transition show that demographic effects on quantity will persist for a long time, and the positive or negative effects on age-structure will undulate and wither away in the end. The Chinese population transition and the intended low fertility in the future will jointly bring on the level of age increase, demographic dividend change, and the other demographic variables. As a Chinese population strategy, the attention should be paid to self demographic effects on quantity and age-structure, and the moderate low-fertility should be kept in China at present and in the future.
The conflict caused by ″Guisi Examination″ in 1593 led to the downfall of the core members of the Donglin Faction. Many officials of the Donglin Faction, including Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panglong, insisted that the punishment meted onto them was not from the Wanli Emperor, but from a senior cabinet member, Wang Xijue. However, their insistence is a product of their misapprehension.The special right of Piaoni（票拟） does not have strict rules, ensures that the officials do not understand the source of the punishment. In addition, the Wanli Emperor would rarely if ever meet his officials, and the communiqué（密疏， Mishu） that the cabinet used to communicate with the Emperor was to be kept secret. As such, there was no way in which the officials could know the exact details of the communication between the cabinet and the Emperor. Eventually, the cabinet came to be viewed with suspicion and was criticized, thereby finding itself in a difficult position.
Both the Chinese and the Western thinkers during the axial age adopted a utility-oriented and effect-centered conception of language,treating language as a socially embedded discourse rather than an abstract system of signs . From this shared view as their common point of departure,however,the two sides diverged and ended up showing diametrically opposed stances toward language . If mainstream thinkersin ancient Greece werein general positive andoptimistic about the socio-cultural outcomes of free discursive interactions,their counterparts in Pre-Qin China were gravely worried that disastrous consequences would necessarily result from unregulated use of language . This difference between their respective attitudes toward language has been exerting a profound impact on the way discursive norms take shape within the two civilizational spheres,with an″anxiety over the consequences of language use″ deeply implanted into the collective unconscious of the Chinese .Aperception of and reflections on such a difference would help enhance Chinese culture's self-awareness and offer a useful point of reference for China's current efforts to reconstruct a Chinese discourse within a globalize world .
Jiangnan,south of the Yangtze River,is a special region of China . As a geographic term,the territory it represented underwent many changes in history,while it also had abundant economic and cultural connotations . There were many poems describing Jiangnan in the Tang Dynasty and various images of the region emerged in China . Korean images of Jiangnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were affected by the Chinese literatures and they developed their local characteristics .On the one hand,Korean scholars adopted Chinese images of Jiangnan. They praised the sceneries of Chinese Jiangnan,expressing their sorrowful feelings and nostalgia .On the other hand,they borrowed the Chinese images of Jiangnan and merged the scenery of the Korean Jiangnaninto their works . The word Jiangnanpossessed new geographic contents . The geographic region denoted by the word Jiangnanhad no limit in China,but the Korean Jiangnan created geographic images of Korean scenes . Moreover,in Ming-Qing transitions,Korea was forced to subject itself to the Qingconquest but it identifieditself as a Mingcultural adherent .As a result,the images of Chinese Jiangnan in Korean literatures had some more political and cultural bearings of the Ming Dynasty.
The word 'Xing' in The Book of Songs has long fascinated scholars in terms of its quality，characteristic features and functions.Meantime，the construction of form，the realization of meaning and the method of authentication have also been confusing to scholars.With an examination of all the theories on 'Xing' and an analysis of the poems，it can be concluded that 'Xing' is the structural method of chapterbased speech organization，with specific characteristics in form.'Xing'，as a structural combination，is made up of 'Xingti' and 'Yingti'.'Xingti' starts and guides the context，while 'Yingti' carries the practical meaning.There should be three types of meaning relations between 'Xingti' and 'Yingti'—'Lianxing'，'Yuxing' and 'Yinxing'.
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