With three decades of reform and opening up , China's rural reform and development has made great achievements . The world has undergone profound changes , which China is also experiencing in its rural economy and society . There are many conditions favorable for rural reform and development , but there are difficulties and challenges to face as well . At present , speeding up the modernization of agriculture is extremely important for the integrated development of China . Specifically , modernization of agriculture means attaching great importance to the following aspects : protect farmland and water resources;improve the agricultural infrastructure;promote agricultural science and technology;improve the agricultural market system , protection system and organizational system;and to turn farmers into literate people who have technical know-how and modern management skills . Urbanization can not solve all the issues related to″agriculture , countryside and farmers″;it must go hand in hand with building a new countryside . The current situation in China determines that its agricultural modernization must be based on small-scale family farming instead of blindly following the pattern of developed countries .An analysis of the true nature of the modernization of China must take the real situation into serious consideration so that we can decide a road of development accordingly .

The essential stipulation of the cooperatives consists of two aspects , namely , self-service and democratic control . The essential stipulation of self-service oriented by members'benefits and organizational development and the essential stipulation of democratic control based on″one member one vote″once promoted the initial development of the cooperatives . However , the essential stipulations have drifted over time . This is also the case in China . Such drift of essential stipulations is having significant impacts on the development of farmers'specialized cooperatives in China . Therefore , on one hand , we need to be well aware of the essential stipulations and their inevitable drift;on the other hand , we should not interfere with such a drift . In addition , we should encourage the cooperative members to decide on whether and to what extent to allow such a drift happen in line with constitutions and rules concerned . The government departments should guide the drift of essential stipulations by making related laws and regulations .

In the process of transformation from traditional to modern agriculture , farmers naturally feel the impact of modern″society″(characterized by instrumental rationality) on the community (characterized by a sense of security , certainty and belonging) . A typical example is the rural migrant worker , who adjusts to″the society″by transplanting his″community″into urban life . The significance of building a new countryside is that it may improve farmers'living conditions through the development of transportation and economy and bring respect to the value of the community . At the same time , it may strengthen the ties between the community and the outside , thus bringing the community into contact with heterogeneous elements , narrowing cultural distance and alleviating conflicts between community and society .

Due to economic and financial changes both at home and abroad , it is a critical phase that the vulnerable group enjoy the equal opportunity of credit services offered in the time of financial innovation . However , there not only exists severe″blood- losing″effect in our fundamental financial institutions , but also lacks credit service technology which is adaptable to the needs of the vulnerable group . These situations have been obstacles that confine their subsistence and development . As indicated by the case of Taizhou Commercial Bank ( TCB) , under properly arranged framework , microcredit based on sustainable commercial principle can benefit financial institutions ,vulnerable group , and government . Moreover , the vulnerable group always has better credit and can accept higher capital cost . To solve the poverty problems of vulnerable group , just helping them by″transfusing blood″or offering capital is not enough;instead , offering the equal opportunity of credit services through financial innovation is more important in achieving the″blood-producing″effect . With the help of foreign technology of microcredit , together with localized innovation , we have to change the experiential mode to repetitive standard credit technology , and spread this mode to larger areas . This is a practical choice with which the vulnerable group gets an access to sustainable financial support .

According to theories of public management , organizational innovation and change management , local government innovations are defined as an organic unity of two basic dimensions : local government's own innovations , and the innovations of public goods or services provided by the local government . The former is the basis and precondition of the latter and the latter is the consolidation and the main goal of the former . The local government's own innovations include four core elements that are closely related . They are the local government's organizational culture innovation , business process innovation , organizational structure innovation , and information technology innovation . The precondition and guarantee of the whole local government innovations is its organizational culture innovation . In the current environment of economic globalization , local government innovations are vital approaches to enhancing the capability of a service-oriented government in an attempt to maximize the public interest and to supply new public goods or services for citizens at large .

User innovation is becoming increasingly common and has been playing a more and more important role in the enterprise innovation system . Therefore , a systematic study on the behavioral and evolving conditions of the user innovation is theoretically necessary . The user innovation behaviors are divided into three paradigms : User-centered innovation , User cooperation innovation and User self-innovation , categorized by the extent to which the users are involved and the phases in which the users participate . A model of the conditions and paradigms for user innovation is proposed in this paper . The result of the empirical investigation indicates that several factors that deeply affect the innovation activities include innovation desire , innovation capability , agency cost , complexity of innovation project and information stickiness . Different conditions lead to different innovation paradigms;and innovation behaviors in different phases need different conditions too . Enterprises can choose the favorable innovation style in certain conditions so as to make the best use of the user innovation capability and enhance its market competitiveness .

A comparative study of the innovation models of Japanese , Korean and Taiwan firms indicates that Korea adopts technology leapfrogging strategy while China's Taiwan applies technology value chain promotion strategy . But both of them depend mostly on overseas markets . However , Japan , in principle , depends on special demand of domestic markets and therefore it subverts the monopoly of European and American firms with the aid of disruptive innovation . On the basis of some new innovation theory and economic development theory , the present paper explores the path of indigenous innovation for Chinese firms from the perspective of international environment and characteristics of the domestic market . The study argues that China should establish a model of indigenous innovation with disruptive innovation as a dominant approach , together with a subsidiary approach of technology leapfrogging . This paper also argues that China should place emphasis on the new creative thinking based on a profound understanding of both Chinese customers'demands and the traditional Chinese cultural value .

The social capital of family business ( SCFB) has been ignored more or less in the existing research on social capital . As a result , it is hard to reveal the property attribute of the social capital and to define the characteristics or structure of its property rights . The article holds that SCFB which is based on consanguineous and affinitive bond is embedded in norms and structures pertaining to family business and individual entrepreneur . Therefore , SCFB could be defined both organizationally and individually and thus features dual attributes . More specifically , the organizational social capital is characterized by club goods and the individual social capital by private goods . Besides , SCFB has distinctive property rights features including the complexity of the relational essence of objects and of the structure of rights and functions , the socialness of the capital-defining system and the multiple descendent rights of SCFB ownership such as right of use , benefit right and right of disposal . In conclusion , SCFB at the organizational level differs from that at the individual level while at the same time overlapping with the latter . Besides , individual entrepreneur plays a leading role in the formation and succession of SCFB .

The notion of″learning by doing″has always been considered as one of the most important sources of a country's dynamic comparative advantage . By extending the technological progress model derived from″learning by doing″in the North-South trade frame , we find that the entrepreneurs'human capital is the key factor which affects the technological progress and the economic growth of a country . By conducting an empirical study on the entrepreneurs'human capital and the″learning by doing″effect in the hi- tech industry , it reveals that in the long run , the former exerts positive influence on the latter . The policy connotation of the study is clear , indicating that the density of the entrepreneurs'human capital and their ability to detect , learn and use a new technology do affect the technological progress and economic growth . China should pay more attention to fostering the entrepreneurs'human capital . Supportive policies that encourage their innovation undertakings should be made to further enhance the dynamic comparative advantage .

The possession of Real Right in Civil law is based on three conditions : the asymmetric information of real right , the importance of exempt of legal risk in trade and the physical control over specific res . It is generally believed that there is no possession right in intellectual property due to the absence of physical controllability of the information product , which acts as the object of intellectual property right . Until registered , the creation , alternation , alienation or termination of intellectual property right shall come into effect . But that rule is not absolutely applicable anywhere . In some cases , such as copyright law , there is no compulsory requirement of registration when acquiring copyright . In such cases , the holder of information product can take measures to prevent the leakage of information , which functions just like the possession of Real Right to keep others away from the object . To safeguard the trade security , the common opinion of no possession right in intellectual property shall be challenged . There still exists room for the possession right protection in intellectual property , such as permission of the assignee in good faith to obtain ownership of intellectual property right from a person unauthorized to dispose .

Strictly speaking ,pure administrative orders are not sources of law . But they are important in administrative management ,administrative reconsideration and administrative justice for its jurisprudent legal basis . But the administrative power expands in scope with economic development and the reinforcement of government public service . Pure administrative orders will penetrate into all areas of society ,including trespassing on rights of citizens ,corporate bodies and other organizations ,harming the unification of the socialist legal system . As a result ,the administrative power may go out of control and be abused . So how to strengthen outside supervision over pure administrative orders is a realistic topic for discussion . In China ,legislature as supervision over pure administrative orders is non-professional and non- technical , and the judicial review of pure administrative orders from People's Court is very limited . So the procuratorial organ ,as a special legal supervisor stipulated by the Constitution ,should fulfill the responsibility of legal supervision over pure administrative orders to overcome the limitation of inner supervision from the administrative system and restrict the administrative power .

Double standards exist in the U .S .A . judicial review . Traditionally double standards correspond with the different areas of fundamental rights with rigid and fixed contents and structures . But the static and extreme structures have become relaxed and flexible in recent years . The structural changes of double standards have begun to challenge the traditional structures of jurisprudence , so the introspective reconstruction of traditional jurisprudence can be the due basis of the changed conditions of double standards and expand the theoretical space for the further development of judicial review standards . Since any right is related to personal right , judicial review standards can be determined in accordance with the distance between the restricted fundamental right and personal right core , namely , the nearer to the personal right core the restricted fundamental right is , and the stricter judicial review standards should be . China's constitutional text contains normative basis and institutional space , so the jurisprudence of double standards can be introduced into China's judicial review in order to promote the establishment of China's judicial review standards .

In recent years , anthropological research on practice and representation of revolution in modern China has been carried out in the Japanese National Museum of Ethnology . Revolution is one of the core concepts interpreting the formation of modern China . Revolution here includes both the Xinhai Revolution beginning in 1911 and the Social Revolution since 1949 . Chinese Revolution is not only a historical process , but also a cultural system . Revolutionary ideas have invented new discourse and new systems . They have been represented by means of costume , ritual and so on , and have been practiced by different kinds of people . There are changes and continuity between the new and the old . The revolutionary memories and systems are continuingly reconstructed under the market economy and globalization . By using methods of anthropological fieldwork , questionnaire survey , text analysis and life history , 21 case studies presented in this paper provide three new themes and frameworks for anthropological studies on China . They are :( 1 ) Representation of revolution in propaganda , discourse , costume and movies;( 2 ) Reshaping of traditional social system , culture and ritual in the process of revolution;(3) Consuming and reshaping of revolutionary memory and social switch under the market economy and globalization .

Thai researchers use political clientelism and vertical publicity to analysis vote-buying in modern Thailand , and election activities happening in Thai countryside are thought of as the outcome of the weak publicity based on money transaction . But what is the actual fact ? This ethnography shows how the peoples'representatives maintain close links with rural people and how the local headmen help establish links among political party , government departments and the village . Thai Government tries to limit the ways by which the parliamentary candidates keep in touch with the voters , which leads to resistance from the society . Thai rural peoples'election practice embodies the native logic of publicity , which means that citizens always define their citizenship through the relationship with other citizens;the nation is not a fictitious scene , as it projects itself into the daily life and the public life via the communication among citizens . Therefore , this native logic of publicity breaks the citizenship membership- social membership distinction in the Western theories , and can clear up the anxiety caused by the distance between the citizens and the state as well as the estrangement between the individuals and the society . While putting universal understanding on democracy into native practice , intellectuals should face up to various ways of democratic practice which is decided by history , social structure and cultural notions .

Owing to the boom of world resource commodity markets and the aggravation of global economic imbalance in the early part of the 21st century , sovereign wealth funds have appeared in the world economy and have become the important investors in global capital markets .Because of the cause of the establishment of sovereign wealth funds , the capital scale and the risk preference of the administrators , the emergence of sovereign wealth funds will surely change the supply-demand equilibrium of global capital markets and markedly affect the price tendency of the world's main asset . By forecasting the future scale of sovereign wealth funds , this article is an attempt to estimate the influences of the emergence of sovereign wealth funds on the returned rate of risky asset and risk-free asset , the equity premium and the price-earnings ratio . The major conclusions reached in this study are as follows : the influences of sovereign wealth funds on the returned rate of risky asset and risk-free asset are of the same direction , but it is much more notable on the risk-free asset . The influences on equity premium and price-earnings ratio are also of the same direction , and is much more notable as sovereign wealth funds become stronger . The direction of sovereign wealth funds'influences on equity premium and price-earnings ratio is opposite to that of risky and risk-free assets .″Transferring 86 .5% of the new current account surplus to sovereign wealth funds every year″is the inflexion point of sovereign wealth funds'influences on the four asset prices .

Based on 88 countries'panel data from 1990 to 2005 , we analyze the correlations between the financial structure ( bank and stock market ) and economic growth in all the 88 countries , in developed countries , and developing countries respectively . By using the panel unit root test and panel cointegration , the empirical research shows that the positive correlations between the financial structure and economic growth in developed countries are significant , but the coefficients are small . The positive correlations between the financial structure and economic growth in developing countries are significant , and the banks play a more important role in economic development than the stock market does in developing countries . This paper's conclusions are consistent with China's basic situation , that is , for a transition economy to transform into a mature market economy , a bank-based and market- supplemented financial structure is a justified choice .

By examining the characteristics of China's current account structure and the channels
that FDI may influence it , this paper presents a rigorous analysis of the impact of FDI on the
changes of China's current account balance in the balance of payments . The results of variance
decomposition analysis reveal that FDI is a significant contributing factor to the current account
balance , which , from 1982 to 2006 , constituted a fluctuation of approximately fourteen percent .
In addition , FDI has conflicting influences on the current account balance . On one hand , FDI
contributes to China's trade surplus by driving growth in manufacturing and related sectors ,
constituting an increase in current account balance and hence the balance of payments .

As more and more multi- national companies increase their R&D investment in China , the degree of R&D globalization in China has witnessed quicker and quicker growth . However , the degree of R&D globalization in eastern China is remarkably higher than that in western provinces . By evaluating the degree and efficiency of provincial R&D globalization and analyzing how local factors affect the degree of R&D globalization via the impact of efficiency of R&D globalization , this study shows that in the areas with a higher degree of R&D globalization , the technological changing rate tends to be lower and the technological efficiency rate tends to be higher , and vice versa for areas with lower R&D globalization . The efficiency of R&D globalization has a strong positive effect on the degree of R&D globalization;specifically , in the areas which have bigger market volume , more direct foreign investment , more abundant local R&D resources or stronger intellectual property rights protection , technical efficiency exerts a stronger impact;otherwise , the technological changing efficiency plays a more important role . Based on the above analysis , this paper puts forward four pieces of relevant suggestion .

Since the 1980's , with the worldwide reform movement in the public sector , there has been growing criticism on the public school's bureaucracy system . However , there are misunderstandings in people's recognition of and their criticism to the public school bureaucracy system . Therefore , we should adopt objective and rational attitudes toward this system to clarify the misunderstandings . Firstly , the concept of bureaucracy itself is neutral . Secondly , the problem of public school is the problem of development . Thirdly , there are reasons for the existence of bureaucracy in the public school itself . The inefficiency of bureaucracy does not only lie in the public school , and the private school is not always more efficient than the public school . What we need to do is to change our critical attitudes to the disadvantages of bureaucracy system of the public school and to try to explore rational ways to overcome them . Therefore , we should work out feasible strategies in practice , such as empowering schools to take charge of their own development , creating its internal incentive mechanism and making public its internal affairs .

Textbooks are the core materials for students to study and read . There are three functions of a textbook :first , it is for students to read;second , it is for students to consult , and third , it is for instructors to refer to . Considering the abundant western literary works of the 20th century , the literary history is the core element , which contributes to the choice and study of the most valuable literary works . In order to develop a good textbook on the western literature history of the 20th century , it is important to challenge the traditional concept that the textbook is only for instructors to teach and for students to study . Instead , a textbook of the history of literature is not only the teaching guide for instructors but also a guiding book for scholarly study and exploration .

It's apparently scientific that″citation counts″such as″Number of Journals in Category″,″Number of Articles in Category and Impact Factor″are employed as criterion measures for assessing the impact of core journals . However , a further discussion is called for whether it's reasonable to exclude language/editing quality index from the selective conditions for core journals . The article elaborates the need for improving the selective conditions for core journals in China by explaining the relation between language/editing quality and journal assessment through revealing the result of the project″Language/ Editing quality of English abstracts of essays in academic journals published in 2008 in China″assigned by the General Administration of Press and Publication of People's Republic of China , and case-analyses are synchronously provided .