浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)
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Latest Printed Issue
2025, Vol.55 Num.9
Online: 2025-10-29
Article
Article
8
Wu Xiaobo, Wu Dong
Constructing China’s Independent Knowledge System of Technology and Innovation Management Discipline: Catch-up and Beyond
Hot!
Against the backdrop of the intertwined Fourth Industrial Revolution and Sino-U.S. technological rivalry, China’s technology and innovation management discipline faces significant opportunities and challenges for development. China’s rapid rise in the global landscape of technological innovation has become an international consensus, transitioning from a technological follower to a leader at the global innovation frontier. This shift is reflected not only in quantitative breakthroughs but also in the enhancement of innovation quality and the maturation of a systematic innovation ecosystem, marking the entry of China’s innovation-driven development strategy into a high-quality development stage.The Western knowledge system of technology and innovation management implicitly contains a division-of-labor paradigm for technological innovation, essentially constructing a knowledge-power order centered on the technology life cycle. This theoretical framework interprets technological innovation activities as a linear life cycle process, spanning from basic scientific research to applied technology development and further to industrial application, thereby forming a three-tier power hierarchy of “scientific discovery-technological invention-commercial transformation”. The global division-of-labor system constructed through the technology life cycle theory is, in essence, a concrete manifestation of technological hegemony in the field of innovation. Rooted in the standpoint of developed countries, its theoretical limitations fundamentally conflict with the technological breakthrough practices of developing countries, consequently influencing and even reshaping the global innovation landscape.In recent years, a representative knowledge system of technology and innovation management rooted in developing countries, known as frugal innovation, has garnered considerable attention. Its core proposition lies in meeting the basic needs of resource-constrained markets, particularly grassroots populations in developing countries, through minimalist design, low cost, and high adaptability. This theory is grounded in the reality of developing countries, characterized by scarce resources, weak infrastructure, yet large populations. It emphasizes achieving “more with less” by eliminating non-essential functions, restructuring value chains, and fostering localized collaboration. However, although this theory demonstrates significant value in addressing resource constraints and expanding market coverage, its inherent shortcomings, particularly the neglect of technological capability upgrading pathways are increasingly becoming a critical bottleneck hindering the enhancement of innovation capabilities in developing countries.The cutting-edge practices in China’s technology and innovation management are undergoing a paradigm shift from “catch-up” to “beyond catch-up”. Constructing China’s independent knowledge system of technology and innovation management discipline must be deeply rooted in local pioneering innovation practices. It is essential to both break through the limitations of Western theoretical frameworks and avoid being confined to the theoretical context of developing countries. Instead, an independent knowledge system paradigm with Chinese characteristics, a global perspective, and a future-oriented approach must be established.Based on the original management theory system (C Theory) derived from the innovation management practices of leading Chinese enterprises, this study reexamines many Western management doctrines that have long been revered as gospels. It elaborates on the distinct practices of Chinese enterprises that have emerged during the new wave of technological revolution and synthesizes the management principles behind the “non-linear growth” and “crossing the cycle” development of Chinese companies. The core idea posits that when change becomes the norm, disrupting equilibrium evolves into a proactive management strategy. Just as traditional Western management theories once contributed profound wisdom to the world, C Theory is destined to leave its mark in the history of global management scholarship, offering Chinese solutions and insights that guide more countries in achieving “beyond catch-up”.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 8-21 [
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Huang Xianhai, Song Xueyin
Construction of China’s Independent Knowledge System for Open Economics: Dynamic Competitive Advantage Theory and Empowering Trade Policies
Hot!
Reviewing the historical facts since 1978, China’s open economy has not merely witnessed an ultra-long-term leapfrog expansion in scale. Instead, it has undergone all-round and multi-threaded comprehensive transformations. These include a rapid upgrade of the trade structure, a swift iteration of leading new-product trade, partial breakthroughs that pioneer the world trade frontiers, and a rapid evolution of the trade liberalization level. This typical scenario poses a formidable challenge to the neoclassical trade theory centered on comparative advantage and the new trade theory centered on economies of scale. The paper advances a dynamic competitive advantage theory capable of providing a consistent interpretation of the performance of China’s open economy. It is a new international economic theory grounded in the mechanisms of acquired factors, compound late-comer advantages, and differential innovation. Corresponding to this is an enabling trade policy characterized by neutral empowerment of trade opportunities, promotion of trade competition, and facilitation of trade innovation. Acquired factors mainly refer to production factors such as human capital, knowledge, technology, and management, which can be developed post-natally. These acquired factors exhibit externalities and increasing returns to scale. They can be not only invested in the production of tradable goods but also possess the capacity to reshape the production efficiency and allocation patterns of endowment factors. The compound late-comer advantage effect implies that in a large late-comer economy with a vast market and the capacity to accommodate the production of multiple products, potential export enterprises can, through late-comer advantages, replace incumbent export enterprises in current products or opt to enter new industries closer to the technological frontier for export. When reaching the quasi-technological frontier stage, they can execute export leapfrogging. The differential innovation effect indicates that economies at the quasi-technological frontier can engage in Schumpeterian innovation through trial-and-error in emerging technologies and industries that are either unknown or in a nascent stage. By doing so, they can pioneer new industrial trade frontiers and secure the next-generation trade competitiveness. Empowering trade policy refers to a dynamic competitive advantage oriented trade policy that neutral empowers enterprises with trade opportunities, factors, and capabilities to promote trade innovation. The dynamic competitive advantage theory can, within an integrated framework and taking the dynamic evolution of technological distance over time as a guiding thread, offer a systematically coherent explanation for the trade development of large developing economies. When the technological level of developing economies lags far behind the world technological frontier, they can rapidly enhance their technological capabilities mainly through the late-comer learning effect. During this period, the supply (both quantity and quality) of acquired factors such as human capital accumulates rapidly, enabling these economies to continuously strengthen their competitiveness within the global trade landscape. When approaching the quasi-technological frontier stage, developing economies can either select technologies not chosen by developed economies from the existing set of new technologies through the late-comer leapfrogging effect to gain trade competitiveness or take the lead in differential innovation in next-generation technologies and industries that are still in a formative stage, thereby attaining differentiated competitiveness in future industrial trade. Throughout the entire dynamic transformation process of trade competitiveness, the expansion of the supply quantity and the improvement of the quality of acquired factors can reduce the dynamic transformation costs of enterprises’ competitive advantages. The enabling trade policy, through neutral factor cultivation, supply, and competitive incentives, compensates for the externalities associated with enterprises’ innovation trials and product transitions, thereby expediting the dynamic transformation process of competitive advantages. In terms of policy effect mechanism, the empowering trade policy, due to its neutral empowering nature, has weak price distortion and avoids the misallocation effect of trade resources statically, reducing the trade threshold for enterprises in developing countries, allowing China’s comparative advantage based on factor prices to be fully utilized, and under the guidance of trade competition mechanism, promoting the rapid convergence of enterprises in developing countries along the technological gap, which is reflected in the rapid upgrading of trade products within the international trade stock product set. Empowering trade policies generally have policy characteristics of market friendliness and competition compatibility. In addition to short-term resource allocation effects, empowering trade policies are more important in expanding the diffusion of trade-related learning effects (trade learning) and the dynamic effects of trade frontier innovation. The expansion of the cultivation and supply of high-level acquired factors such as human capital and data, as well as the establishment of a common infrastructure platform for trade innovation, have reduced the export leapfrogging costs of quasi technology frontier enterprises and also incentivized them to implement differentiated innovation for the next generation of international products. The dynamic competitive advantage theory and the enabling trade policy are highly congruent with the fundamental economic characteristics and abstract connotations of China, a large late-comer country within the context of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 22-36 [
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Yu Jianxing, Gao Xiang, Huang Biao
Keywords of Chinese Public Administration: The Anchor Point of Independent Knowledge System
Hot!
Constructing China’s independent knowledge system is a grand goal and mission for the development of Chinese philosophy and the social sciences, and it is also the epochal responsibility of the academic community as it engages with the great practice of Chinese-style modernization. For a long time, the philosophy and social sciences of late-developing countries have been constrained by a core–semi-periphery–periphery world system, facing a dual dilemma: the limited explanatory power of imported knowledge systems and local knowledge production that remains suspended above the realities of development and governance practice. The extraction and construction of keywords constitute the leverage point—the anchor—for catalyzing endogenous knowledge production and establishing an independent knowledge system. The keywords of Public Administration in China constitute the necessary precondition for the autonomy of public administration discipline in China, the core content for reconstructing the independent knowledge system for Public Administration in China, and the critical nodes for theorizing public administration in China. The extraction and construction of such keywords should follow four principles: (1) taking public affairs and their governance as the domain; (2) being of practical significance and in active use; (3) foregrounding the socially constructed nature of knowledge; and (4) possessing the dual attributes of universality and particularity. As the field pursues autonomy in knowledge production and in its knowledge system, China’s public administration community must keep faith with the imperatives of the era and have the courage to shoulder the responsibility of upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing Chinese-style modernization.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 37-47 [
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Qian Wenrong, Shen Xiaoliang, Zhao Zongyin
Constructing the Iconic Concept System of the Discipline of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management
Hot!
Constructing the iconic concept system of the discipline of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management is not only the conceptual foundation for building an autonomous knowledge system in this field but also an essential requirement for Chinese-style Agricultural and Rural Modernization. On the one hand, this paper explores the fundamental meanings and constituent elements of iconic concepts in Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management, as well as the logic behind their extraction. On the other hand, focusing on the issue of systematic construction, this study reveals the structural features of the iconic concept system within the discipline and proposes strategies for its effective construction.Iconic concepts in the discipline of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management directly address the typical realities of Chinese-style Agricultural and Rural Modernization. These concepts are characterized by their orientation toward Chinese experiential facts, their effectiveness in constructing an autonomous knowledge system, and their capacity to disseminate Chinese wisdom. Based on the constituent elements of general concepts, the iconic concepts in this discipline mainly comprise three aspects: appropriately constructed conceptual terms, clearly defined conceptual connotations, and distinctly delineated conceptual denotations.A complete logical pathway for refining iconic concepts in the discipline of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management can be constructed as follows, extracting policy-related concepts from policy keywords, elevating these policy-related concepts into normative concepts through theoretical refinement, and ultimately transforming them into iconic concepts through theoretical dialogue. Specifically, policy-related concepts are oriented toward empirical facts rooted in the Chinese experience. The process of theoretical knowledge production affirms the effectiveness of these concepts in generating scholarly knowledge. As such, policy-related concepts are elevated to normative concepts that meet academic standards. Furthermore, through dialogue with existing theories, normative concepts can be developed into iconic concepts that encapsulate and disseminate the wisdom of China’s agricultural and rural development.The iconic concept system of the discipline of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management is constructed along both vertical and horizontal dimensions, linking iconic concepts longitudinally and laterally to form a large-scale semantic network. This network is characterized by structural hierarchy and interconnectivity. For the systematic construction of this concept system, this paper proposes two key strategies. First, guided by Chinese-style Agricultural and Rural Modernization, it is essential to delve into the historical context of agricultural and rural development in China, transforming its developmental logic into a temporal logic of iconic concepts. Second, the interdisciplinary nature of Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management should be fully leveraged. This involves deepening research on both foundational and frontier knowledge within the discipline, expanding its boundaries through interdisciplinary exploration, and ultimately building a semantic network of iconic concepts that clarifies the overall structure of the conceptual system.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 48-59 [
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Bai Qianshen
A Study of the History of Calligraphy and the Formation of a Theoretical Framework for Chinese Calligraphy
Hot!
This article is divided into four parts. The first part examines two debates on Chinese calligraphy, one in the 1930s and the other in the 1980s. The 1930s debate was modest in scale, yet its participants were leading figures of the intellectual world. The central question was whether Chinese calligraphy could be regarded as “fine art”. Although Zheng Zhenduo argued strongly that calligraphy should not be classified as art and he received little support, the debate itself remains thought-provoking. This paper contends that the assertion that calligraphy is not art cannot be explained simply by the absence of a Western equivalent; more crucially, it derives from the distinctive nature and social functions of Chinese calligraphy, such as the blurred boundary between everyday writing and artistic creation, which came into conflict with the imported Western notions of “art” and “artistic creation”. The discussion in the early 1980s on the nature of calligraphy involved not only calligraphers but also prominent scholars such as Zong Baihua and Li Zehou, and it may be regarded as the first collective effort in contemporary China to construct a theoretical framework for Chinese calligraphy.The second part argues that an important field of calligraphy studies, the history of calligraphy, began to take shape in the 1980s, thanks to the participation of scholars who were both passionate practitioners of calligraphy and trained in disciplines such as history, paleography, and philology. The study of calligraphic history, which examines past and present calligraphers, works, theories, schools, and related phenomena, provides a foundation for a deeper understanding of the nature of Chinese calligraphy. The paper highlights several historically distinctive phenomena, including the high level of elite participation, the relatively low degree of commodification, the frequent use of calligraphy as a gift, and the diverse means of reproducing canonical works.The third part discusses how the achievements of Western art history might be brought into the study of Chinese calligraphy. Owing to its unique characteristics, calligraphy was the last of the Chinese arts to attract sustained scholarly attention in the West, beginning roughly only after the Second World War. Because of this late start and considerable difficulties, overseas research on calligraphy has been far less developed than research on painting. While these studies contain invaluable contributions, Chinese scholars have been playing a crucial role in introducing calligraphy to the West. This paper highlights four influential figures: Lin Yutang, Chiang Yee, Wen C. Fong, and Fu Shen. Among overseas scholarship, Japanese research on Chinese calligraphy has been particularly abundant.The fourth part addresses the issue of translating classical Chinese writings on calligraphy and contemporary research into foreign languages. Since the beginning of the Reform and Opening-up period, the study of calligraphic history in China has made remarkable progress, producing numerous valuable scholarships, yet high-quality translations have lagged far behind. The paper concludes that, with the advent of the era of artificial intelligence, sustained attention to the historical phenomena of calligraphy, critical engagement with overseas scholarship and related fields such as comparative paleography and visual psychology, and the judicious application of new technologies will be indispensable for constructing an autonomous knowledge system for the study of Chinese calligraphy and, more broadly, Chinese art.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 60-70 [
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Wang Yunlu
How Can We Commemorate Duan Yucai?
Hot!
In 2025, we commemorate the 290th anniversary of the birth and the 210th anniversary of the death of the Qing Dynasty linguist Duan Yucai (1735-1815). As a master of traditional Chinese linguistics, Duan Yucai’s academic contributions are epitomized in his annotated work
Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
. This monumental work not only systematically elucidates the relationships between the form, sound, and meaning of Chinese characters but also constructs a theoretical framework for traditional philology and linguistics, marking a milestone in the theorization of ancient Chinese linguistics. This article advocates that the best way to honor Duan Yucai is to excavate and inherit his linguistic theories and scientific spirit, rather than blindly adhering to Western linguistic theories.The article summarizes Duan Yucai’s theoretical contributions in six aspects:1. Fundamental theoretical methods in linguistic research. Duan proposed the methodologies of “mutually seeking form, sound, and meaning” and “mutually seeking ancient and modern forms, sounds, and meanings”, emphasizing the dialectical relationship between synchronic and diachronic studies. This theory predates Saussure’s “synchronic and diachronic” theory by over a century but has long been overlooked.2. Distinction between language and speaking. In
Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
, Duan clearly distinguished between language (a socially conventionalized symbol system) and speaking (individual usage), which coincides remarkably with Saussure’s theory.3. Basic patterns of semantic evolution. By analyzing the core meanings (feature meanings) of Chinese characters, Duan revealed the logic behind semantic shifts. For example,
chì
(赤, red) originally denoted a color but extended to mean “utterly evident”;
xí
(习, birds fluttering frequently) evolved to signify “habit”.4. Theory of “form and function sharing the same name” (
ti-yong tongcheng
). Duan introduced the concept that a single word could denote both a tool and its associated action. For instance,
shū
(梳) refers to both a “comb” (tool) and “to comb” (action);
zuān
(钻) means both a “drill” and “to drill”. This theory aligns more closely with the realities of Chinese than modern “metonymy” explanations5. “Same term for agent and patient” (
shi-shou tongci
). Duan observed that certain words encompass both agentive and patient roles. For example,
bǐng
(稟) can mean “to bestow” or “to receive”;
kào
(靠) can signify “to lean against” or “to depend on”. Such dialectical analyses highlight the flexibility of Chinese semantics.6. Basic principles of commentary classification. Duan differentiated between “explaining characters” (dictionaries focus on original meanings based on form) and “explaining classics” (commentaries interpret meanings contextually), underscoring the fundamental distinctions between
Shuowen Jiezi
and other annotated texts. This laid the theoretical groundwork for later philological studies.The article critiques the century-long overreliance on Western theories in Chinese linguistic research, noting that the scientific and systematic theories of scholars like Duan Yucai have been long neglected. It calls for a return to indigenous linguistic traditions, advocating for the integration of foreign scholarship while grounding research in the unique characteristics of Chinese. By excavating the “latent theories” of past scholars, the article aims at advancing the development of Chinese linguistics.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 71-81 [
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Wu Xiuming
A Study of Historical Materials of the Contemporary Literary System from the Perspectives of the Material and the Human: A Description of the Foundational Construction of an Independent Knowledge System
Hot!
Within the existing three major systems of historical materials for contemporary Chinese literature—namely, “literary institutional historical materials”, “writer and work historical materials”, and “cultural stratum historical materials”—the “literary institutional historical materials” represent a relatively prolific yet also highly contentious category. As a foundational and supportive construction for China’s “independent knowledge system”, contemporary literary institutional historical materials hold significant and undeniable value, both from the perspectives of historical existence and current development. Research on these materials, and how to conduct it, involves not only the “dual value recognition” of both the institution and the literary historical materials themselves but also necessitates acknowledging their inherent “duality”, which aligns more accurately with literary facts. Examining the over-70-year span of contemporary literary institutional historical materials through the lens of material markers reveals three distinct forms: “typical institutional historical materials”, “quasi-institutional historical materials”, and “super-institutional historical materials”. These categories overlap and exhibit distinctly political and archival characteristics. Their collection, excavation, and research often present unique difficulties not commonly found in general historical material research, especially regarding many key materials related to major political events. These materials possess their own qualitative certainty and rigid norms; their presentation and use are governed not only by their own historical and political logic but are also inseparable from direct or indirect participation in institutional practice. From the perspective of human factors, institutional historical materials contain an internal relational structure of “two-in-one”: the institution formulators and the institution implementers. This relational structure corresponds to the political power structure and encompasses various directions, aspects, and dimensions of institutional historical material research, constituting its subtle and intricate vital essence. Within this structure, institution formulators and implementers, on the one hand, must fulfill the responsibilities inherent to their roles within this “two-in-one” framework. On the other hand, in the process of fulfilling these duties, they inevitably and necessarily imprint their personal and generational marks. A complete understanding of contemporary literary institutional historical materials is formed by the coupling of these material and human elements—it is the result of their contradiction, collision, and coordination within specific historical contexts. Approaching the subject from this angle allows us to logically reduce the research on contemporary literary institutional historical materials to the study of the material and the human, thereby effectively bridging “sociology” and “human studies” (or the “study of humanity”), and deeply revealing the latent “decisive factors” contained within.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 82-96 [
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Ge Hongyi
Practice Orientation and Theoretical Construction: Generation and Logic of Chinese Autonomous Jurisprudence Knowledge
Hot!
China’s independent jurisprudence knowledge system is a systematic theoretical achievement constructed under the guidance of the basic principles of law as expounded by Marxism, grounded in China’s realities, and incorporating the common fruits of humankind’s rule-of-law civilization. This system offers profound responses to the fundamental and significant issues encountered in China’s rule-of-law construction, forming the core of China’s autonomous legal knowledge system. In terms of the nature of law, it clearly asserts that building the rule of law is an indispensable part of socialism with Chinese characteristics, emphasizing the inherent unity between the rule of law and the socialist system. Regarding the function of law, it systematically elaborates on the domains covered by law in national governance, its mechanisms of action, and the value objectives it pursues, highlighting the role of the rule of law in maintaining social order, safeguarding people’s rights, and promoting social progress. In the study of legal development, it explores the interaction between the rule of law and the modernization process, focuses on the coordination between legislation and law enforcement, and proposes a distinctively Chinese path and model for legal development. Concerning law enforcement, it focuses on fostering legal awareness, renewing concepts of the rule of law, and adapting legal institutions, analyzing practical pathways and methods for achieving these transformations. These four aspects together constitute a practical-need-oriented framework of jurisprudence knowledge with distinctive Chinese features, providing theoretical support for China’s rule-of-law construction and contributing Chinese wisdom to the global civilization of rule of law.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 97-110 [
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Zhou Jianghong
Significance of Disputes in Chinese Civil Law and Its Framework for Compilation
Hot!
The compilation of disputes in Chinese civil law is one of the significant explorations of the academic production model of Chinese civil law. It helps to form effective interaction between the diverse inheritance of theories and local academic debates, and is of fundamental significance for the construction of an autonomous knowledge system of Chinese civil law. Compared with carriers such as textbooks, academic papers, legal code commentaries, and case law interpretations, the compilation of disputes pays more attention to systematic “integrated innovation”. Taking Japan’s
Disputes in Civil Law
as a mirror, the compilation of disputes in Chinese civil law needs to follow a basic framework. This framework should take researchers as potential audiences while also considering teaching needs, and incorporate “where the problem lies”, “the origin and development of the dispute”, and “future prospects” as the core elements for the compilation of civil law disputes. In the era of large models, researchers of civil law disputes should take the lead in academic research in human-machine collaboration, raise truly valuable questions based on the unique creativity and critical thinking of human beings, avoid the compilation of civil law disputes falling into “mediocrity of knowledge”, and effectively contribute to the development of Chinese civil law in the stage of cumulative innovation. To better serve the construction of an independent knowledge system of civil law in China.
2025 Vol. 55 (9): 111-116 [
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