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On the Copyright Governance of Open Source Software from the Perspective of Open Innovation |
Wu Handong, Gao Jing |
Center for Studies of Intellectual Property Rights, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China |
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Abstract Open source software exemplifies open innovation, yet its copyright governance must resolve the inherent tension between knowledge control and sharing, adhering to the fundamental logic of knowledge circulation and collaboration. In practice, copyright governance challenges for open source software manifest as follows: Firstly, ambiguity persists in determining whether open source software constitutes a sole-authored work or a collaborative work, leading to confusion in resolving ownership disputes. Secondly, current institutional arrangements inadequately address the divergent interests between software initiators and contributors, resulting in simplistic and underdeveloped benefit distribution mechanisms. Thirdly, legal remedies disproportionately favor injunction relief, overlooking its inhibitory effects on knowledge circulation. The immediate cause of these governance challenges lies in the failure to accurately grasp the distinctive attributes of open source works, leading to a theoretical disconnect among open-source software, open innovation, and intellectual property rights. At a deeper level, however, it reflects the legal system’s delayed adaptation to paradigm shifts in intellectual property values and functional priorities under open innovation. Specifically: First, under the open innovation paradigm characterized by multiple creative subjects, the legal system has yet to develop adaptive mechanisms for balancing legal values that align with its unique dynamics. Within this collaborative framework, efficiency emerges as the paramount legal value for resolving multi-agent innovation coordination challenges. Consequently, the intellectual property regime must undergo a systematic reconfiguration of its value hierarchy, prioritizing the minimization of institutional frictions in the circulation of knowledge assets as its primary operational benchmark. Second, the legal architecture remains inadequately responsive to the systemic ramifications of openness inherent in open innovation. For the extensive network of collaborative innovators, the IP system’s positive function as a catalyst for knowledge flow demonstrably outweighs its negative function as a gatekeeper against unauthorized use. For collaborative innovators, intellectual property regimes should emphasize knowledge dissemination over restrictive controls against unauthorized use. Institutional designs must fundamentally prioritize promoting knowledge circulation. Recognizing the bidirectional nature of knowledge flows, stakeholders in open-source software exhibit differentiated interests: developers prioritize infringement deterrence, while contributors emphasize benefit-sharing. Accordingly, a governance framework should be constructed with knowledge circulation as the objective, efficiency as the guiding value, and contribution-based distribution as the principle. Concrete measures include: Establishing a presumptive default rule recognizing open source software as sole-authored works while preserving contractual flexibility. Designing a rights allocation mechanism where “developers retain copyrights while contributors receive benefits proportionate to their input”. Adopting remedial approaches such as mandatory disclosure or non-injunctive relief under special circumstances to mitigate knowledge flow disruptions.
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Received: 15 January 2025
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