After North Song and South Song Dynasties, Ci poetry flourished once more between the late period of Wanli Emperor (1572-1620) in Ming Dynasty to around the 20th year of Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722) in Qing Dynasty. During this period, the evolution of style and metrics of Ci underwent three stages. 1. In the period between Ming and Qing Dynasties, the noumenon of Ci underwent a transition from recovering the standard of rhythm to the diversified patterns of style and form. In Ming Dynasty, ″Ci for Qu″ caused the indistinction of Ci and Qu and the non-existence of the tones standard of Ci. From the late period of Wanli Emperor (1572-1620) to Chongzhen Emperor (1627-1644), with the prevalence of Pictorial Tunes of Ci by Zhang Yan and Xiaoyu Tune: Tunes of Ci by Cheng Mingshan, the tones standard of the rhythm of Ci became more dominant, which taught Ci poets how to compose a poem to a given tune of Ci, which in turn standardized Ci poetry, and established a solid foundation for the reviving of Ci. 2. Representative Ci collection in Ming and Qing Dynasties such as Yisheng Chuji exemplified the content and the style of Ci, and the co-existence of the ″standard tones″ and the ″modified tones″ from the last years of Ming Dynasty to Shunzhi Emperor (1638-1661). In this period, Yunjian Ci School, which was based on the Ci poetry of Ming Dynasty, revived standard tones of Feng and Ya by entirely inheriting the restrained and graceful standard tones of South Tang and North Song Dynasties. On the contrary, Liuzhou School revived the poetic style of the ″modified tones″ by directly inheriting the modification which started from Su Shi and flourished in South Song Dynasty. Although the force of the standard tones was greater than that of the modified one, multiple patterns emerged and an era of prosperity was ushered in. 3. After the period of Kangxi Emperor (1662-1722), the various ″standard tones″ became the principles for the poets who adhered to the ″original simplicity approach.″ Meanwhile, various modified tones yielded unusually brilliant results and contrasted finely with standard tones. Roughly in 20th year of Kangxi Period, Ci poets created a large number of Ci works and Ci collections. It was a golden period of great prosperity of Ci-poetic Circles. In summary, from the last years of Wanli Emperor to the early years of Kangxi Emperor, Ci-poetic Circles grew from buds to full blossoms. However, this thriving period did not last long, and the curtain slowly fell after 20th year of Kangxi Period.

The dreamland rhyme is also known as the sound of dreamland. It is not only the earliest rhyme of Taoist scriptures but also the most representative Taoist music tunes. As we all know, Taoism was very popular in Tang and Song Dynasty, so a large number of dreamland Ci were written in those days. The dreamland rhyme used to be an applied style of poem, which were sung in religious rites, but its contents became rich and full of cultural and literary meanings in the Tang and Song Dynasties through scholars' literary creations. There are many achievements of dreamland rhyme study now. Most of these achievements only pay attention to the rhetoric of dreamland rhyme. This is not enough. In our opinion, we should choose more perspectives to observe the dreamland rhyme. For example, it is necessary to observe the dreamland rhyme in the Tang and Song Dynasties from the perspective of Ci-poetry. The dreamland rhyme has a close relationship with Qingshang music in the Han and Wei Dynasties, especially the songs of southern sacrifice. It also has a homologous and intercommunicating relationship with Buddhist chants. Therefore, we can establish a connection between the dreamland rhyme and music of Ci in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the medium of this connection is the Qingshang music in the Han and Wei Dynasties. Firstly, we should pay attention to the legend of Yushan goddess. This legend has relationships with both Buddhist chants and the songs of southern sacrifice, which are the origin of the dreamland rhyme, at the same time. This phenomenon shows there may be a blending between Buddhist chants and the songs of southern sacrifice. Secondly, we found both Kou Qianzhi and Lu Xiujing's reform of the Taoism music had relationships with Qingshang music in the south of China. According to the history books of Taoism, Kou Qianzhi changed the reciting in Taoist rituals to singing with incidental music in the North Wei Dynasty. Some elements in these tunes were learned from Qingshang music. Lu Xiujing was a reformer of Taoism, too. He created the earliest dreamland rhyme noted in Taoist history. Lu Xiujing was born and grew up in the south of the Yangtse River, so his music cognition may have a relationship with southern Qingshang music system. Thirdly, sounds and emotions of dreamland rhyme are similar with Buddhist chants. The dreamland rhyme was incorporated into the music of Yan in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It soon became very popular. There were two kinds of music in the Tang and Song Dynasty: the ceremonial music and the folk music. The ceremonial music was played by chamberlain for ceremonials while the folk music was played by Jiao Fang. As a kind of religious music, the dreamland rhyme can also be divided into two types: some of the dreamland rhymes were written by Taoist monks. The dreamland rhyme written by Taoist monks followed the traditional styles. Sometimes Taoist monks made adjustments when it was necessary, but they never changed these styles too much. The dreamland rhyme written by other people changed its phonology, accents and performance forms. It gradually incorporated into the music of Yan and finally became a part of music of Ci. Dreamland Ci is the word form of the dreamland rhyme. It co-developed with regular verse and miscellaneous verse in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The forms of dreamland Ci in the Taoist religious rites are regular verses while the forms of dreamland Ci in music of Yan are regular verses and miscellaneous verses. The dreamland Ci was transformed from regular verse to miscellaneous verse. This transformation has important meanings in the study of the transformation of Musical Poems and Ci. Many tunes of Ci in the Tang and Song Dynasties have some connections with the dreamland rhyme and the dreamland Ci, such as Daolianzi, Buxuziling, Yijiangnan, Xijiangyue and so on. The Qingshang music in the Han and Wei Dynasties disappeared, and the Ci music in the Tang and Song Dynasties also lost its inheritance today. But Taoist music still exists. Lots of Taoist rites will sing dreamland Ci nowadays. It's important and necessary to analysis the dreamland rhyme from the perspective of Ci-poetry. We can try to solve some questions about music of Ci in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Such a new way to analysis the dreamland rhyme in the Tang and Song Dynasties will help us find new literatures.

Attribute-head construction is one of the most universal as well as the most complex constructions in natural languages. This type of construction is denominated as compound on lexical level whereas as modifier-head phrase on syntactic level. In perspective of the category by the modifier (attribute) and the head in the construction, the construction can be classified into three subtypes, i.e., N-N (for noun-noun)construction, V-N(for verb-noun)construction and A-N(for adjective-noun) construction. Our literature review shows that the theoretical study of the construction takes a longer history and has achieved a greater number of achievements than its experiment-based cognitive processing study (which initiated in 1970s) in both research depth and width. Compared with the languages like English and its like, the research on Chinese lags much more behind in this regard. One of the goals for neurolinguistics is to explore how linguistic units especially the complicated ones are represented, stored and retrieved in human’s brain. On this account, an initial study of attribute-head construction universally existing in natural languages undoubtedly provides an important window for the exploration of complex syntactic constructions’ processing mechanism . This paper reviews what has been achieved in the processing study of the construction so that Chinese audience have a deeper understanding of the concerned research and Chinese scholars can make some reference to it in their upcoming studies of Chinese attribute-head constructions. The sources adopted in this writing come mainly from the studies of normal adults’ language processing, in addition to the data from children’s language acquisition and aphasic patients’ clinic investigation. The results show that (1) behaviour method (generally measuring reaction time and response accuracy) is the major way in the processing study of the construction but some new methods in cognitive neuroscience like ERP and fMRI has been adopted in recent years; (2) more studies were conducted in the processing of attribute-head compounds while relatively less conducted in the processing of attribute-head phrases; (3) by comparison, the majority of researches are found in N-N construction, followed in turn by A-N construction and V-N construction. As a result, a lot of hypotheses on attribute-head construction’s processing have been proposed on the basis of compounds’ study; (4) the construction’s processing is affected by a number of common factors, among which are transparency and frequency of the components and the construction itself, inter-components’ semantic compatibility and segmentality, and their kind. Those factors are each negatively correlated with the construction’s processing difficulty, i.e., the higher the indexes regarding the factors are, the lower the processing difficulty is; and (5) the three subtypes of constructions show their respective unique features in one way or another, namely, the double dissociation between nouns and verbs finds its stage on N-N construction; the acquisition of adjectives is based on the proceeding knowledge of nouns children have obtained, which explains why A-N construction is more close between components cognitively; N-N construction’s processing is concerned with the selection from multiple semantic relationships between two entity concepts, and hence consumes more cognitive resources, leading to greater processing difficulty.

The efficient monetary system requires that the money supply is flexible enough，in order to face the change of the money demand. If the money supply can not be changed while there is a sustained increase in the money demand, it will produce a shortage of money. This paper, based on a simple cash-in-advance model, studies the monetary system of the Song Dynasty, and expects to analyze the intrinsic reason of the money shortage prevailing in the Song Dynasty. Chinese ancient copper coins system does have its particularity, because every dynasty only issued one kind of copper coin officially. Due to the need to avoid the price of its generally accepted coin below par value， it is impossible to issue the debased coin successfully. The weight of the coin each dynasty repeatedly cast was 30 kilogram without much deviation, fineness also remained in roughly 60% to 80%, and this standard was kept all the time. The official debasement would face many difficulties. Even the newly established Dynasty cannot ignore the habit of the people. At the same time, because of the huge stock of the copper coin in folk, casting debased coins was almost impossible. Even if the government made the law that the debased coins would be valued one wen, in response, the folk would appreciate the old coins to the maximum. The coin system of Song Dynasty is the representative of ancient Chinese coin system. According to Cipolla and Sargent's researches, before the establishment of the modern monetary systemt he only way to increase the supply of small denomination coins was to reduce the cost of production. And before the first industrial revolution, the only way to reduce the production cost of the coins was to increase the proportion of base metals in the coin. In the single metal copper coinage, copper coin is in fact the only official issued currency. And it is in fact the only generally accepted currency. The yield of the copper coin is maximum increment of the money supply every year, and copper coins stock can also be regarded as the stock of money. So given technical conditions, and there is not the possibility of debasement, if there is no decline in copper prices, the increase in the money supply will be impossible without a cost-rising. So the fundamental cause of the long time shortage of copper coins from middle Tang Dynasty was the ancient Chinese copper coin system that used the base metal copper as the money material. According to the mainstream research, the primary cause of money shortage in Northern Song Dynasty was the behaviors of reducing money supply, such as coins melting, outflow of coins, and coins hoarding. Scholars argue that the low value of copper coins led to the occurrence of such behaviors. Different from the previous studies, this paper have found that the single metal copper coinage is the essential cause of the shortage of money in the Northern Song Dynasty. And the high production cost of the coin which was caused by the backward technology of copper mining and coinage, made the Northern Song government money supply ability limited, and therefore the money supply cannot be enough to satisfy the growing demand for the currency in Northern Song Dynasty. These were the manifestation of the essential cause proposed. Each dynasty`s policymakers tried to solve the problem of the shortage of money supply, by casting iron money, issuing notes and the use of precious metals as media of exchange, etc. to break the single metal copper coinage, but the effect is limited.  In fact, there were great innovations in the management thought and practice of paper money in the Southern Song Dynasty. The expansion of overseas trade made the government wealthier, and made the precious metals stock increased. Also, it gave the economy of the Southern Song Dynasty new stimulus, enable the authorities to realize the diversification of sources of wealth and produce a preliminary mercantilism. But the war between the Southern Song and the barbarian, barbarian government`s arbitrary monetary management and the suppressing of business class in the first Ming Dynasty emperor interrupted the evolution.

It has been 90 years since the market town in Song period became a new research topic in 1920s. Previous academic reviews focused on the introduction of existing research findings, but ignored the researchers’ assumptions, methods and judgments, which makes it necessary to summarize and review the academic history of this topic once again. The 90-year research history can be divided into two periods. Literature review shows that before 1980s, researchers focused on the characteristics of the market town in Song Dynasty. Since 1980s they have paid more attention to the number and size of market towns, their geographical distribution, the number of registered permanent residents, the commercial tax, etc. They have tried to define the market town as well as the general situation of the commodity economy of Song Dynasty from a variety of dimensions. The aim of using quantitative methods in research is to study the research object from an independent, external and objective perspective. With qualitative methods, researchers often use the language used in the historical records to interpret and define the research object from a neutral and objective perspective in order to eliminate assumptions and preconceptions. In reality, however, researchers always begin their studies with some guiding assumption no matter whether they adopt the quantitative or qualitative method. Undoubtedly, one of these guiding assumptions is evolutionism. Under the influence of the theory of evolution, people are used to seeing the history of the market town in Song Dynasty as having a clear main axis of point-line-plane development, i.e. from the rudimentary stage to prosperity. A lot of regional studies and case studies on the market town in Song Dynasty are also detailed expositions of this point-line-plane theory. In these detailed studies, a local market town is a microcosm of the whole big picture. The market at the earliest stage was opened at irregular intervals. Later the intervals became more regular and then the name ″market″ or ″Xu″ (墟) appeared. Since the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, some of them were upgraded to towns with the development of commodity exchange. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the increasing number and expanding scale of the market towns indicated that they had entered into the stage of sustained prosperity. This kind of structured narrative of economic development has been the mainstream of the research on the market town in Song Dynasty. By this theory, many researchers have observed and analyzed the commodity economy represented by the market form and the urban system like the market town of the traditional society. This narrative approach is insightful and is very helpful for understanding the conditions of China’s social transition to the modern society. But when historians get addicted to the so-called point-line-plane framework in the development of commodity economy, they tend to neglect the colorful life scenes in historical records. These records provide not only the key words for an economic explanation, but also the values, ideas, customs, social relations, social order, etc. which go beyond the economic level. They are hard to be quantified and have to be defined again in a different system. Therefore, only through altering the existing research practices and mind-set can the study of the market town in Song Dynasty go further.

″Responsibility of the government, duty of the lawyer, and participation of civilians″ under the guidance of the government constitute the Chinese model of legal aid. Due to scarcity of resources and inadequate investment, the government has used its strong administrative power to increase financial input. At the same time, it confers mandatory obligations to lawyers and other legal workers to enlist free legal services and social donations to make up for the shortage of financial resources. This model has a salient administrative feature, and the problems caused by this kind of arbitrary political model are beginning to surface. The empirical research shows that there are several problems with the supply of legal aid in China: limited increment and the unbalanced supply structure. Meanwhile, the legal demand and the potential demand for legal aid have been on the rise. The regression analysis shows that, in the supply-demand relationship of the legal aid in China, the caseload growth of legal aid is closely related to the increase of financial investment. This relationship shows that in the future, the contradictions between supply and demand will aggravate if the growth of legal-aid funds is limited and the demand for legal aid is expanded. Insufficient motivation for reform is an inherent defect in the Chinese model of legal aid. Firstly, the resource input mode is not sustainable. A simple reliance on increased financial input cannot break through the limit of the cost of public services, and the profit-seeking nature of the legal service market determines the unsustainability of free legal aid. Secondly, there are defects in the operation mode of the administrative organization. For example, the ambiguity of government functions results in low administrative efficiency; the orientation of government responsibilities leads to the imbalance of the structure of legal aid cases; and the autonomous function of voluntary civic participation is suppressed. Based on the empirical study and analysis, the reform of the legal aid model in our country should aim at enlarging supply capacity and improving supply quality in constructing a government-led, collaborative government-market-society governance model. Firstly, it is necessary to reorient the main body of responsibility in legal aid to shift the responsibility from the government to the state. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a diversified supply mechanism and form a three-in-one supply mechanism of the marketization, administration and socialization of legal aid. Finally, it is hoped that a collaborative governance model will be constructed to achieve the dynamic balance between social total supply and aggregate demand of legal aid. The ternary state governance structure of the government, the market and the public is becoming clearer. Within the overall framework of state governance, the state responsibility of legal aid needs to be defined and a collaborative governance model of legal aid will be constructed. This model will give play to the government's macroscopic management and supervision, market efficiency, the competition mechanism, social diversity and added value. Under the background of advancing the state governance system and the modernization of governance ability, the multi-collaborative governance model of legal aid should fit into a proper category and play a more important role in the construction of the state legal system.

This article examines how Supreme People’s Court can perfect the judicial application of international treaties. The article aims to identify, describe, and resolve obstacles in the domestic treaty implementation process. First, this article describes the legal basis for and provides a background analysis of the domestic implementation process. The article emphasizes the importance of this process: namely, that judicial application of international treaties is not only significant in the effort to realize the legal effect of treaties domestically, but that this process is also important for China’s efforts in integrating into international society more broadly. Second, this article discusses problems that need to be resolved in the process of implementing treaties domestically: namely, that the status of international treaties within the national legal system is not yet defined. This article demonstrates that there exists ambiguity in the current constitution as to the status of treaties domestically, as well as within the laws and judicial interpretations relating to this issue. In addition, the newly established case guidance system has not paid enough attention to this question yet. Third, this article proposes solutions to help perfect the treaty implementation process. The article explains that judicial application of a treaty must be regulated by the constitution and by China’s laws. Nevertheless, China’s lack of practical experience in this realm and the absence of any theoretical explanation of this problem within the existing law, combined with China’s strict procedural requirements to amend the constitution and legislative process, together makes it difficult to complete this operation in a realistic time frame so as to meet the increasing requirements of judicial application of international treaties in socialist modernization and integration into the international society. Therefore, this article clarifies the advantages of judicial activities compared to the amendment of the constitution and legislative activities in solving this problem: namely, that the flexibility of the judicial process enables the judicial branch to address this gap in the law more efficiently and more effectively. In addition, this practice will enhance judicial certainty and predictability. In addition, the article also examines this issue from the perspective of court, which is the main body of judicial application of the treaty, and analyzes how can judicial activities define the treaty implementation process and how they may fill loopholes within the law with regards to legislative intent. Finally, this article discusses what measures the Supreme People's Court could take, based on the constitution and laws as well as the judicial practice after the founding of our country. Such measures could include issuing judicial interpretations, publishing guiding cases, establishing the system of reporting and setting up specialized departments within which to perfect the judicial application of treaty. These measures will prepare us to fix the judicial application of an international treaty in the constitution and laws when the time is right. The most innovative part of this article is that it focuses on perfecting the judicial application of the international treaties. The main thrust of the article is a discussion of the measures that the Supreme People’s Court could adopt, within the current constitution and laws, to fully perform its duties and perfect the judicial application of international treaties. This discussion is of great significance to both theory and practice. This article adopts the scientific research methods. It includes a literature survey, as well as comparative research methods. The authors have collected the laws, literature, and relevant cases of the subject, and have formed the framework of this article according to these materials.

According to Chinese historical archives, in the winter of 1854, some Ningbo merchants, who were engaged in trading to the north ports of China, raised 70,000 yuan and purchased a steamship named Paoushun. It was the first steamship introduced to modern China. But the Chinese historical archives tell us nothing about why this steamship got the name Paoushun, and when, where, and by whom she was built. As these fundamental questions still remain unsolved today, this article aims to give answers to these questions. In the end of 2009, some payrolls and invoices of Paoushun from 1855 to 1856 were found in Ningbo, most of which were written in English. On these payrolls and invoices the name of the steamship was written as Paoushun Steamer or Paou Shun in English, and the name of her master was Toms. On July 21, 1855, The North-China Herald, an English newspaper published in Shanghai reported a news about a screw-steamer ″Paoushun″: this vessel was purchased by the merchants trading to the north China at a cost of ￥ 70,000, and ″she is thronged from morning to night with respectable visitors, to whom Captain Toms and his officers show every attention.″ And there were also other reports by The North-China Herald about Paoushun attacking pirates on the sea, which are consistent with the accounts in Chinese historical archives too. It is clear that the steamship Paoushun recorded in Chinese historical documents is the same steamship as reported in The North-China Herald. According to the records of Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping and other English literature, Paoushun was a screw steamship built by John Gray in 1851 in New Haven, USA. She took the Chinese name of the Dent and Co.，″Paoushun,″ which means that wealth comes smoothly. So it is clear that the steamer’s name ″Paoushun″ was given by Dent and Co. when she was built, not by the Ningbo merchants who purchased her. Paoushun set off on her maiden voyage from New Haven to England, arrived at Hong Kong from England in 1852, and then frequently carried opium from India for Dent and Co. to Hong Kong in the following years. In the winter of 1854, Dent and Co. decided to sell Paoushun to Ningbo merchants. When she entered the harbor of Ningbo in July 1855, a new chapter in the history of Chinese navigation was opened.

Chan Buddhism flourished during the Tang period and reached its peak in the Song era and became the dominant faction in the history of Chinese Buddhism. During its ″golden age,″ Chan actually went beyond the walls of the temples and permeated the daily life of the general public. In the process of localization of Chan thoughts, the most intriguing was koan — a crucial form in Chan language. Koan played an important role by providing a basis for wider recognition of legitimate transmission for Chan to thrive. The essence and beauty of the koan is to be rationally unresolvable and thus to point to what is arational, i.e. to abandon the rational thought structures and step beyond the usual state of consciousness. Chan is well known for ″a special transmission outside the teachings that does not rely on words and letters.″ Chan teachers recognized the limitation of language to describe the genuine enlightenment and emancipation. They tended to dispense their wisdom in an array of peculiar or unconventional ways, which included shouts and beatings that were meted out to their eager disciples. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of awakening, disciples must first encounter the impasse triggered by koan and transcend it. As a matter of fact, Chan masters could not totally reject the language, but had to use language creatively or play the language game by harnessing the innate ambiguity in natural language. A wide variety of legendary anecdotes about generations of famous Chan masters were recorded, who could ″point directly″ to awakening.  The present study presents an individualistic attempt to investigate the koan — the questions and answers between Chan masters and their disciples, from a pragmatic perspective, especially based on Cooperative Principle (CP) and conversational implicature. Examples from the koan case collections such as Zutang Ji and Jingde Chuandeng Lu are analyzed under the framework of CP and its four maxims. The discovery is that koan language is replete with the breach and violation of the four maxims in CP, i.e. Maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Judged from the Maxim of Quantity, Chan masters used the language that was highly elliptical and economical. Their answers were so concise that they might consist of single words or wordless ones. It is also not uncommon to find paradoxical speeches and non sequiturs, a mere violation to the Maxim of Quality. The Maxim of Relation is breached when masters deliberately used questions to answer questions, often leading to irrelevant and incoherent dialogues. Finally, obscure and unclear ways of speaking are also preferred by the masters. That proves to be a violation of the Maxim of Manner whose requirement is to speak clearly and to the point. Chan masters even taught in bizarre non-linguistic ways, such as ″shouting and hitting,″ not to mention the sacrilegious acts like burning the sutras or insulting its founding patriarch.  Koan and its whole process of communication can be better understood only through the lens of the context. The success of the spirited exchange relies on the three ingredients in the context: content, participants and the setting. Chan insights are based on every day facts and matters and with the personal experience as a starting point. The creativity and imagination of the Chan masters evoke an awakening by transcending ordinary language through powerfully direct means, then and there. It is a response to the limitation and divergence of the language and thus possesses performative force. Under the broader social, religious and cultural backdrop, the exchange of koan is revealed as formal non-cooperation to reach substantial cooperation — the religious goal-sharing of enlightenment and absolute liberation. Centuries of vitality and dynamism of the Chan practice were witnessed in the Tang-Song periods.  However, a further reflection from a historical point of view suggests that the over-dependence of the language and stylistic pursuit of koan may in turn refrain its blooming and eventually lead to the decline and deviation from its religious origin. During the Song era, the elaborate style was much utilized to meet the literary tastes of the Song literati, who were major patrons of Chan monasteries. The historical personage of the earlier eminent masters became approachable only via thick layers of meandering poetic and prose commentary or interpretation. As a result, Chan could not escape its doomed fate of degeneration into a vehicle of emotional cure and spiritual cultivation rather than the seeking of nirvana.

Since the Reform and Opening-up, local governments have played the role of ″economic agents,″ and managed public assets in the administrative region according to demutualization operation mode. With local governments no longer holding economic entity directly, they have begun to manage the administrative regions relying on executive power, land and other asset powers, and networking project platform organization. In a sense，″integrated governance mode″ is an expression of the development of ″local government corporatization″ with respect to organizational structure. The organizational structure of integrated governance mode is reflected in two aspects in practice: first, establish ″new zone″ ″special zone″ ″development zone″ and other special zones, which enjoy distinctive policy for developing their economy but are still under the premise of maintaining national policy unification; second, establish a set of enterprise status for public power operation in the way of establishing financing project platform company, hence avoid the restrictions of entity principle on governmental power. By these two ways, ″corporatization″ of local government realizes its systematization from a behavior, and becomes efficient system arrangement, which continuously converts economic performance to governance performance. Public power ″degrading into private law″ bypasses the up-to-bottom institutional constraint to a certain extent, the result of which motivates the autonomy of local government to develop economy and extends its economic power; on the other hand, because the constraint and supervision system is not effectively established, the risk of power being out of control increases, integrated governance mode can bring higher governance performance as well as high risk of government corruption. The concentrated reflection is that public power can switch between the dual identities of ″government″ and ″enterprise,″ so that public power can get rid of traditional control power system in the way of ″degrading into private law.″ At the same time, public power ″degrading into private law″ hinders the motivation and supervision mechanism in operation under the pattern of double principal-agents. Whether the integrated governance model can avoid the high risk of government corruption and maintain a high governance performance largely depends on the reconstitution of control and supervision mechanism. The specific strategies include strengthening power control mechanism based on the modern corporate mechanism, perfecting effective accountability mechanisms for power, forming cooperative mechanisms between the subjects of supervision, and legislating clearly public functions and market behaviors of the category ″management committee-company″ organizations. The fundamental way of realizing prevention and control of government administrative risk with the integration governance mode is changing governance legality from ″performance legality″ to ″institutional legitimacy.″ But the transition process may take a long time, especially in the current economic adjustment period. There is a large economic development pressure, it is hard for the local governments to abandon the existing development path. Thus realizing the reconstruction of control and supervision mechanism will be a persistent project in terms of the integrated governance mode.

In recent years， there has been an ongoing debate in the law and politics circles over the mediocre officials and their underperformance. Finding ways to institutionally motivate public agencies and run them efficiently remains a theoretical and practical task． We call those mediocre or passive civil servants sloth servants， and accordingly that kind of public administration sloth administration. The causes for sloth lie in the lack of officials ' initiatives and systematic restraints. This article proposes some effective approaches to the promotion of initiatives. Being economically better off is one of the main career objectives of most civil servants， so economic incentives might be effective. A working competition model is suggested in this article to analyze the internal motivation mechanism． It is suggested in this paper that competition among individual civil servants should be encouraged and their bonus and benefits should correspond to their performance and diligence. A fair mechanism of performance evaluation should be established to reduce randomness and will thus win individuals ' trust． Due to various conflicts in power， roles， interests and responsibility they might encounter in their work， some public servants tend to act passively and selectively， responding only to affairs that are beneficial to themselves， while ignoring those that are not. Routine chores can be simply classified into three types: （a） work undervalued by principals; （b） technical and professional work that is difficult to be evaluated; （c） work in which responsibility， power and divisions of labor are hard to balance． Similar to other professions， it is sensible for the civil servants and the officials to pursue economic interests and social values when they provide professional services within the government. Competition and collaboration between civil servants are typically the case of the prisoner 's dilemma， in which neither party can be better off if all individuals unilaterally pursue their own interests. Just like Gresham 's Law， when one individual 's underperformance has not been detected and punished， others will follow． For public sectors， this paper puts forward two suggestions. Firstly， it is reasonable to establish a fair and effective mechanism of performance evaluation in terms of different outputs. Targets， benchmarks， and other indicators can offer criterion for auditing and assessing the performance of public agencies. Secondly， it is desirable to establish an incremental bonus mechanism. A reasonable system provides an effective way of distributing benefits and blames， as well seeking redress when it comes to malperformance. Thus a balance between individual official's performance and their evaluation can be achieved． All in all， according to the prisoner 's dilemma model， there are two reasons bringing about sloth administration: inadequate penalties and unclear incentives. A better civil-servant salary incentive system will solve the problem of sloth administration. Therefore， distinguished from the legal analysis or the political analysis， the economic analysis of sloth administration provides a new perspective for its causes and countermeasures.

Climate change in China， which is characterized by uncertain rainfall and changing weather patterns， poses a major threat to the agricultural systems. Higher temperatures and a greater incidence and intensity of extreme weathers may lead not only to significant yield reduction, but also to an expanding range of crop pests and an increase in the use of agrochemicals, which in turn will impair food quality. It is anticipated that such practice will result in a higher risk of elevated exposures of humans to pesticides via residues in their food. However, the consequences of climate change on food quality and safety have received less attention compared with food security issues. Moreover, few studies in China have related the climate change with the farmers' use of pesticides and fertilizers. In order to find the truth and enhance the governance towards challenges posed by the climate change, the present study takes rice, the staple food of Chinese, as an example for the questionnaire survey of 1 063 farmers in main rice production areas, looking into the impact of climate change on the farmers' use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers both subjectively and objectively. The farmers' decision- making corresponding to climate change is carried out in two- steps: in the first step, the farmers perceive the change in climate; in the second, they take actions to it. So ″perception of climate change″ is used as the measurable indicator of the influence of climate change on farmers. With other factors unchanged, the result shows that the core variable″perception of climate change″ of the farmers has a significant effect on the claim of increase the amount of pesticides and fertilizers in order to mitigate the potential losses. Actually, it is found that the farmers who are more aware of the climate change may use 7 kilograms more pesticides and fertilizers per mu land. In addition, their risk attitudes and their membership in some agricultural industrialization organizations also greatly affect farmers' pesticides and fertilizers use. Based on the above findings, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to cope with the challenges posed by climate change: (1) More attention should be paid to the impact of climate change on the quality and safety of agricultural products. (2) More guidance should be given on pesticides and fertilizers use of the farmers who are significantly affected by climate change. (3) Various measures should be taken to reduce the potential yield risks caused by climate change on the farmers. (4) The agricultural industrialization should be reinforced, especially the cooperatives that guarantee the quality and safety at the mean time.

The ethnicity with contemporary demographic characteristics is a reflection of characteristics in the formation and development of an ethnic group and has been deeply influenced by environmental and geographic conditions （such as nature， society， economy， etc.）. Just like two sides of a coin， ethnicity is the ″shadow″ or ″reflection″ of the historic environment and is also a sort of ″historic territoriality.″ The education level and the dispersion of the population spatial distribution enhanced by ″edge effect″ and ″stress effect″ are the main environmental forces shaping an ethnic group's demographic characteristics． The connotation of territoriality theory is associated with ″geographic divergence″ （the demographic characteristics of different places in the same ethnic group tend to be divergent because of the long-term influences of different environments）， ″ethnic convergence″ （the demographic characteristics of different ethnic groups tend to be similar because of the long-term influences of the same environment） and ″settlement imprint″ （an ethnic group's demographic characteristics are shaped by the place of settlement and are hence imprinted）. Besides the connotation， the territoriality theory of the ethnic demographic characteristics in spatial distribution is also proved by ″the combined-effect principle of geographical factors″ ″the discrete effect″ and ″the educational effect．″ The theory of spatial distribution of demographic characteristics is proven by the following empirical evidence. On one hand， the differences in the demographic characteristics between the east and the west as well as between the south and the north are shown to be significantly correlated with dispersion， and with the average years of schooling， and within all 36 kinds of connections, 31 are related， 28 significant and 21 very significant. On the other hand， the degree of overlap between the regions is also very significant: the east has an overlap of 75%， the west 80.9% （according to the settlement classification and the comprehensive factors clustering classification of demographic characteristics）， the southwest 90.3%， and the northwest 62.5% （by the settlement classification and the set classification of comprehensive factors） ． It is crucial to pay equal attention to territoriality and ethnicity， which is the theoretical foundation to a thorough understanding and proper treatment of ethnic relations. ″Discrete effect″ is the theoretical basis and the motive power of the communication and relation with ethnic groups and of the ″reform and opening up″ policy. ″Settlement imprint″ shows that local development and protection play a fundamental role in the development of an ethnic group. In the ethnic demographic characteristics， ″the suitable policy vacuum″ caused by ″geographic divergence″ and ″the policy friction″ caused by ″national convergence″ result in the ″appeals″ for adjustments of ethnic policies and are the very basis of such adjustments. An ethnic policy which integrates the differences and similarities of ethnic groups helps to promote ethnic solidarity and to maintain social stability． The new findings of this paper are listed as follows: first， an ethnic group's demographic characteristics are shaped by the environment and ethnicity reflects the ″historic environment.″ Second， the demographic characteristics of ethnic groups are characterized by ″geographic divergence″ and ″national convergence.″ Third， the current ethnic policy is characterized by ″a suitable policy vacuum．″ The significance of this study is to answer the following questions at theoretical and empirical levels: Are the ethnic groups' demographic characteristics a manifestation of ethnic characteristics/ethnicity， or are they influenced by the environment and deeply imprinted by territoriality？ Why does the spatial distribution of the population become the shaping power of an ethnic group's demographic characteristics？ This research tries to provide a theoretical basis for further research in several aspects in ethnic demographics: the shift of methodologies， the formulation of development strategies in the ethnic regions， the adjustment of ethnic policies and the elimination of ″absolute ethnicity″ （strong ethnicity） with the ultimate aim of promoting national unity. The research integrates deduction with empirical evidence. The main shortcoming of this paper is that due to the word limit， some parts of this new theory are not fully explained．

From 1980s to the beginning of this century, a number of countries in Europe and America have enacted policies of anti-domestic violence and experienced the evolution of policy frameworks. Two main policy frameworks have been created during the process of policy evolution. One is a gender-oriented framework, which emphasizes the connection of domestic violence with gender inequality. The other is a gender-neutral framework or non-gender framework which suggests that domestic violence should be brought into the existing issues of criminal justice. It deemphasizes the gender inequality of violence. The gender-framework is often adopted in the countries with a higher proportion of women in politics or active women's organizations. As a part of initiatives for gender equality, it pays more attention to care for the violence victims, women's empowerment, and combination of other policies against gender inequality. On the other hand, in countries where the discourse of gender equality is marginalized, governments are more likely to take gender-neutral framework in their anti-domestic violence policy, incorporating policies of anti-domestic violence into the existing criminal judicial or administrative issues. This non-gender framework is less possible to marginalize the domestic violence problems as ″women's issues,″ but its disadvantage is the lack of attention on gender inequality in domestic violence, and more focuses on punishment of the perpetrators rather than protection of the victims. In addition, national systems, political orientation, women's political influence and international circumstances are determinants that can influence the policy frameworks in its evolution of anti-domestic violence.. Thus, a country's adoption of a certain policy framework implies less the absolute rationality or superiority of certain framework itself, but it reflects more of the results of game playing among powers that support a given policy framework. In China, the first “Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People's Republic of China” (hereinafter referred to as“Anti-domestic Violence Law”) was enacted at the end of the year 2015, and has taken effect since March 1st, 2016. In fact, there have been policies concerning the domestic violence in some legal documents before then. For instance, in the “Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women″and the″Constitution of the People's Republic of China,″women as a vulnerable group are protected and women abuse is explicitly prohibited. By contrast, the newly enacted “Anti-domestic Violence Law″no longer emphasizes women as the exclusive victims of domestic violence, and it extends to″family members”and broader″people who live together.″These changes reflect that China's anti-domesticviolence policy is moving towards some more rigorous, more targeted objectives. However, how to accept the value of gender equality in the mainstreaming of gender equality is still in question. The experiences of foreign countries give China enlightenment in both theory and practice in coordination of responsibility, as well as in the cooperation between governments, women's organizations, women's participation in politics and public awareness promotion, etc., so as to further improve China's anti-domestic violence policy framework.

As a new social organization to rectify community committees deviating its autonomous character in the reform exploration of community management structure, community workstation is a public governance platform arranged by sub-district offices to deal with local affairs. Since the working attitudes and styles, law enforcement capacities and personal preferences influence governmental prestige and image, the research of its behavior and psychological mechanism process is the key to clarify the trends of community governance. Although aiming at the functions of providing community public service so that community committees can focus on community inhabitant self-governance affairs, community workstation couldn't keep away from bureaucratization because its self-cognition severely deviate from its original intention and fall into the state of being in a double squeeze and development dilemma. Under the analytical framework of ″environment-behavior,″ the field research of Community X in City S which leads the community management innovation shows the fact that the community workstation is slack to work, arbitrary and unpredictable, rather than meets the demands of organizational functions and being weak embeddedness so as to promote the development of community self-governance. The malfunction of community workstation reveals habitual behavior in certain organization field while disregarding the policies and being dependent on the bureaucracy structure and original authority arrangement and being negative coping with the new administrative environment requirements. Since the intrinsic nature of malfunction behavior as well as the bureaucratic considerations prefigure the logic that administrative environment has some places for organizational sluggishness, the paper suggests that the reasons of community workstation malfunction should be situational hints which include institutional hints, organizational hints and conventional hints. These situational hints show why and how the malfunctions happen and how it is possible to happen, covering the regulatory soft constraint, the model effect of sub-district offices and muddle through the approach of community affairs. The paper argues it is quite necessary to start with the clean slate to consolidate and relocate the community workstations so as to solve the malfunction problems of community workstations and promote the de-administrationreform for primary organizations.

As a special role of women,stepmother is always trapped in an awkward situation in manipulating with relationships among family members.People have mixed feelings towards stepmothers.The negative stereotype of an evil stepmother has long been recognized and accepted.As remarriage gradually becomes a common phenomenon in Mainland China,more and more stepmothers emerge.This paper intends to explore the contemporary types,identity and social cognition of stepmothers systematically based on qualitative and quantitative analysis. There are 245 cases used for analysis,among which 185 were collected by students who attended transformation of social attitudes towards marriage and family and the improvement of public cognition,etc.However,due to the sluggishness of social-cultural change,the slowness of the transformation of social attitudes and the separation of biological motherhood with social motherhood,the destigmatization of stepmothers still has a long way to go.