JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)


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	JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY 2016 Vol.2 Number 5
	2016, Vol.2 Num.5
	Online: 2016-09-10

	Article

Article

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		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 1- [Abstract] ( 609 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1481KB] ( 754 )

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		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 2- [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 26 )

	5	Mo Yan Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Xu Dai

		Literature Is the Best Education
		Why people can be moved by literature? Because when a world does not exist anymore, literature can help us get acquainted with it. Reading not only reminds us of the existence of self-consciousness, but it also shows the power of morality. Therefore, reading has a power to explain our self-consciousness. Literature should be based on reality, which is closely linked to our current life and history. However, there must be future and dreams in a great literature. Literature brings us power, and it exists as a kind of spirit. Language is the vital contribution from writers. Without language, there will be no new experience, no new power, no delicacy and true expressions. The method of literature may be the most basic method of education. Also literature is an important content of education. Literature is the art of language as long as our language exists.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 5- [Abstract] ( 752 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1540KB] ( 1892 )

	12	Xu Jun

		Poetic Temptation and Generation: The Poetic Adventure of Le Clézio
		J.-M.G.Le Clézio is recognized by his ″poetic adventure.″ His creation concerns various genres: novel, essay, drama - everything inspires him. Even if Le Clézio writes few poems, he never fails to present a ″poetics″ in his works. The language and the images in Le Clézio's works make the readers think of a musicality and a lyricism, which certainly are related to the characteristics of the poems. This article investigates the poetic adventure of Le Clézio in his novel writing from the relationship between language and existence to the poetic expressions and generation, with his view of literature as life generation in a dynamic continuation. The poetic intent of Le Clézio occurs primarily by his search for the poetics of language. He always refuses the scholastic and rigid language and appreciates a natural and original language. Such a language comes from the beginning of the world. It is closely related to the human existence and it could lead the man to the center of the material. The poetics of Le Clézio's works also consists of a romance. He could acquire existent powers by discovering the beauty in tiny and daily things. He creates the marginal characters, who are tormented by the pain of life but never lose their hope for the future. Through the tension between reality and fiction, Le Clézio indeed shows his concerns for the social problems. It is in this sense that his works are engaged, in criticizing the vices of society and questioning on the human future, emphasizing the compassion of the man and the beauty of love. Le Clézio is constantly concerned with the harmony between man and nature. He thinks by the works on the human poetic habitat. Finally, the poetics of Le Clézio's works is seen by the pictoriality and the musicality. His creation is visual and also audible. The world is presented not only through the eyes of the characters, but also their ears, their hands, their tongues or noses, i. e. through their entire bodies. Therefore, the world created by Le Clézio becomes alive. On the one hand, the musicality is realized by a repetition of the words, phrases and images, which form the internal rhythm of the narration and accentuates the semantic field. On the other hand, it is realized by a circular structure: the beginning and the end of the story often are connected to form a circle. All this gives an energy to the works of Le Clézio. In a sense, the rhythm of the text approximates the human breathing and it corresponds to the internal and external situation where the characters are presented. From the first creations to the latest creations, the rhythm of the Le Clézio's story becomes slower, which is explained by a change in the writer's vision of the world. To conclude, Le Clézio's exploration of the primitive power of language and his being as a poet have endowed his works with deep humanistic concerns, as well as the uniqueness in his language. The romance in both his thoughts and texts, the adherence to his ideals, the eternal pursuit for his dreams, and his resonance with nature, all contribute to his poetic works, the originality of which can be found in his words and sentences together with their connections and rhythms, colors and musicality.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 12- [Abstract] ( 607 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1598KB] ( 1614 )

	28	Fan Yanmei

		Between Reality and Imagination: Poetics of Dream and Reverie in the Works of J.-M.G.Le Clézio
		Taking the ″dream writing″ of such literary trends as Romanticism, Symbolism, and Surrealism as a point of departure, this essay examines J.-M.G. Le Clézio's representation of the surreal world in terms of dream and reverie, in an attempt to explore his reflections on the nature of truth and man's relationship with the world. Dream is a kind of unconscious behavior, whereas reverie is ″dream while awake,″ a subjective and imaginative activity that signals the subject's strong will and orientation. On the whole, Le Clézio's writing has gone through a shift of focus from dream to reverie. Prior to the mid-1970s, Le Clézio centers on the modern city where the urban landscape tends to engender a ″dreamlike″ sense in the characters. Closely related to the distortion and repression in the urban landscape, dream reveals modern men's alienation from the world, and the characters' inner stress and anxiety. The ″dream″ feeling intimates the characters' rejection of the real world, and a yearning for a beautiful haven. To a large extent, writing of the dream concerns what Sigmund Freud defines as ″the unconscious,″ which mirrors and distorts the reality, presenting itself as a means to analyze the characters' mind. From the mid-1970s on, Le Clézio has turned from the city to Nature in his works, with the dream motif waning and the reverie waxing. On the one hand, when characters are faced with the natural landscape, a strong sense of physical perception interacts with the power of natural elements so as to bring them into a euphoric state, which forms ″sensual reverie.″ On the other, under the circumstances of being away from the landscape, recollection and retelling of it enable the characters to slide into a world at once real and imaginary, which can be called ″fictional reverie.″ Sensual or fictional, the reverie suggests a temporary separation from the real world, creating an ideal sphere with which the characters merge. The world and its landscape in reverie more often than not manifest a surreal existence, just like some lost paradise or utopia with inimitable beauty. It is therefore reasonable to say that reverie helps the characters obtain an affective compensation\|in a world of reverie, the characters eventually find peace of mind. Meanwhile, reverie would lead the characters to some kind of illumination, hence the formation of narrative development. For Le Clézio, reverie resembles greatly its Romantic counterpart. Landscape medium, physical perception, and spiritual redemption - all these elements of reverie poetics lend to Le Clézio's literary world a romantic significance. Critics generally agree that Le Clézio's writing has undergone some rupture in the mid-1970s, to which the shifting tendency from dream to reverie conforms inherently. It represents not only a change in the characters' world view, but a transformation of their relationships with the world as well. An inquiry of Le Clézio's shift from his alienation from the world to integration with it alerts us to a change in the author's philosophical thinking, which actually originates from the influences of Oriental philosophy and the Indian culture on him. The reverie experience in Le Clézio's works is akin in many aspects to meditation in Oriental philosophy\|both are essentially concerned with the integration and unity of man and the world. Moreover, it is connected with the poetic dwelling embraced by Mexican Indians, i.e., ″the human experience is embodied in the cosmic experience,″ and man is part and parcel of the universe. In this sense, Le Clézio's writings of dream and reverie come as a result of the author's thoughts about both Western and non-Western cultures.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 28- [Abstract] ( 407 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1588KB] ( 1216 )

	41	Lin Meicun

		The Talas City and the Silk Road of Tang China
		Taraz in Kazakhstan， also called ″Talas，″ was strategically located on the Silk Road. The name of the city Talas came from the Talas River flowing between modern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Back to the first century B.C.， Chinese generals Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang of the Han Dynasty had already reached the Talas River area on their military expedition to Central Asia. The city of Talas was built by Sogdian settlers in the fifth century and was later occupied by Western Turks from the sixth to seventh centuries. The capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate was located in modern Kungey-Alatau， where the Eastern Roman envoy was granted an audience by Istemi Khan. After the Tang China expanded into Central Asia， it was Talas instead of Tokmak that became the farthest western point under the rule of the Chinese Protectorate General. Wang Zhengjian， the Beiting Military Commissioner of the Tang Dynasty， once dispatched his staff Wang Ji to Talas to develop its irrigation systems. In the early eighth century， the rise of Türgesh brought Talas under their control， which actually formed a barrier for China to resist possible military threats from the Abbasid Caliphate. Ironically， multiple attacks on Türgesh that were initiated by the Tang China under the reign of Emperor Gaozong destroyed this barrier and forced Talas and other cities on the Silk Road to directly face the military pressure from the Arabs. Tang general Gao Xianzhi was defeated at the Battle of Talas in 751. Subsequently Chinese territory never reached Talas again. According to Arabic sources， the battlefield of Talas was in fact not located at Talas， but rather at Artlakh city that was located in the upper-middle reaches of the Talas River， the west of modern Kyrgyzstan. Nevertheless， the Talas River thereupon represented an impassable geographical obstacle in Chinese history and marked the farthest point of Chinese western expansion in the Han and Tang dynasties. After the Battle of Talas， the Karluks occupied Talas and built a new city roughly eighteen kilometers east of the old one. The ancient remains in the modern Taraz city that has been excavated by Russian archaeologist A.N.Bernshtam， Kazakhstani archaeologists and the archaeological team of University College London over the years is the new city， while the old city remains has been identified as an Islamic cemetery. Archaeological discoveries have revealed that the Talas city adopted the Sodgian-style stone architecture. At the end of the ninth century， several Turkic tribes such as Karluks， Yaghmas and Uighur that originally believed in either Buddhism or Christianity converted to Islam and formed the Kara Khanids. The Eastern ruler bore the title Arslan Qara Khaqan and had his capital in Balasagun （modern Burana of Kyrgyzstan）， while the Western ruler bore the title Bughra Qara Khaqan and had his capital in Talas （the capital was moved east to Kash in 839）. This state is known in Chinese history as Hei-han Dynasty. Based on Chinese， Latin and Arabic sources， as well as archaeological findings in Central Asia， this paper attempts to discuss the remains and the artifacts discovered at the city of Talas．
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 41- [Abstract] ( 883 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1717KB] ( 2600 )

	57	Feng Peihong

		An Exploration of the Traces of Sogdians in Longyou Area along the Silk Road
		Sogdians in Central Asia continually moved out because of engaging in trade,doing missionary work and ravages of war.The most noticeable were those who immigrated into China along the Silk Road and had an important effect on the Chinese society,culture and even politics during the mediaeval times. Scholars at home and abroad have systematically analyzed the settlements of immigrant Sogdians and their descendants,especially in Hexi Corridor,the capital Chang'an and Hebei area.Longyou in the southeast of Gansu province,the region located between Hexi Corridor and Chang'an,was the transportation pivot,eastward to Guanzhong, westward to Hexi Corridor and Qinghai,southward to Sichuan,and northward to Ningxia respectively,and was also the place where Sogdians must pass through.But what were their traces in Longyou area? What historical records and cultural relics were left behind? What was the distribution of their settlements and how did these Sogdians live in Longyou area? Generally speaking,not much attention has been paid to this research topic and few studies have been focused on Sogdians in Longyou area,which is nearly a blank in the study of the settlements of Sogdians along the Silk Road,and impaired our knowledge of immigrant Sogdians and their descendants.It is well known that the historical materials about Sogdians are rare and fragmentary,and it is even difficult to distinguish some of their nationality.However,we can find some information about Sogdians who settled in Longyou area in ancient books,excavated epitaphs,tomb relics,cave inscriptions,Dunhuang manuscripts as well as other cultural relics. By exploring and analyzing these historical records and unearthed relics,we can have some preliminary information about the distribution of settlements and the living conditions of Sogdians and their descendants in Longyou area, such as Tianshui, Longxi, Lanzhou, Hezhou, Chengzhou,Xiping and Kuozhou.As the core of Longyou area,Tianshui(Qinzhou)and Xiping(Shanzhou)have larger settlements of Sogdians.Excavated in Tianshui,the coffin platform with screens has the feature of Sogdians and has already been verified by the same type of Sogdian tombs in Xi'an.The Shi clan in Chengji was the representative of the Sogdians who settled there. Some Sogdians or their descendants took up the posts of Taishou of Xiping and Cishi of Shanzhou during the period of the Later Liang Kingdom of the Sixteen States,the Western Wei,and Northern Zhou dynasties,especially the Shi clan who inherited the titles Cishi of Shanzhou and Jungong of Xiping,which had authoritative power in the local area.For the other districts of Longyou,the author digs into as many related materials as possible in order to uncover the traces of Sogdians and their off-springs there.It should be noticed that the Mi clan of Longxi and Cao clan of Xiping even formed famous surnames(junwang),recognized and accepted by the Chinese society dominated by Confucianism and could be compared with the An clan of Wuwei,the Shi clan of Jiankang,the Kang clan of Kuaiji,and the Kang clan,Shi clan and Mi clan of Jingzhao, which has significant social and cultural meanings.In general,Sogdians and their descendants settled,traveled,traded,became officials,or even set up military settlements in the region of Longyou,and formed their famous surnames in mediaeval times,which made them become a part of local people in Longyou area.So to speak,exploring and analysing the traces of Sogdians who once lived in Longyou area will make up for the deficiency of the regional study of Sogdians along the Silk Road.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 57- [Abstract] ( 710 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1677KB] ( 2262 )

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		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 60- [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 29 )

	75	Zha Pingqiu

		Traces of Social Contacts among Literary Elites in the Glorious Age of Tang Dynasty: The Danyang Poet Group Centering around Wang Changling as Seen in Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription
		In spite of the fact that Liu Fu’s poems are collected in The Poems for Imperial Reading and that Zhang Hu ranked him with Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wei Yingwu, little is known about his biography, only few of his poems have been handed down and his literary collection was lost. The newly released Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription was mainly composed by Liu himself. The inscription shows that Liu’s native place was Xiuwu in Huaizhou, that he entered an official school at about twelve. and went to the Yangtze’s River’s south (Southeast of China) to become a student of Lu Hao at twenty-four, and that he got his jinshi degree (in ancient Chinese Imperial Examination) and began his bureaucratic career in the early Dali period when he was forty-seven. He held low-rank civil positions for a long time, and later retired as Editorial Director on the strength of Lu Qi’s recommendation. Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription recorded Liu’s academic pursuit in the Southeast. It provides biographical information about Liang Ning, Yan Zhou, Cao Ping, and Wang Yan that is not recorded in other historical sources, chronicling the heyday of the poet circles during the Tianbao period. Furthermore, Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription recorded that in the fourth year of the Tianbao period, Liu met Wang Changling in Jiangning, which is an important clue to solving the long disputes on when Wang was demoted and when he wrote the poem of seeing off Li Bai. Moreover, from Liu’s experiences in the Southeast as recorded in the Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription, it is possible to make some inferences about the source of the story about Wang Changling’s contact with Li Bai in Jiangning. As a poet star in his time, Wang’s whereabouts attracted attention from his contemporaries, Wang Wei, Cen Sheng, Li Bai all wrote poems for him as gifts. The ″clear creek″ in Chang Jian’s poem ″Staying in Wang Changling’s Hermitage″ was located in Jiangning. When Liu Fu was about to start his one-year study in the Jurong Mountain, he went directly to Wang Changling, indicating that Wang, who lived in Jiangning at that time, was already the center of poets in the Southeast. Although Wang Changling and Li Bai did not really meet in Jiangning, similar activities and presentation of poems would arouse people’s imagination about such gatherings. Especially after the An Lushan Rebellion, this event became part of the collected memory of the peaceful pre-Rebellion era, and was further virtualized and fictionalized. Four evolving phases of this story can be summarized from the combination of the four separate events. First, Han Huang, the local governor, was the first to honor the memory of the grand literary events in that area in his painting. Second, the ″Poets and Literary Persons″ in Yinchuang Zalu took form in the early-Jianzhong period as a collection of poetic lines, and this story was carried on by the parallel ranking of those great names. Third, the place name ″Liulitang,″ the poet’s name Wang Changling and the specific time ″one hundred and forty years″ all appeared in Zhang Qiao’s ″Wang Changling’s Hall Where Xu Tang from Shangyuan Holds His Position,″ making the story more credible. Fourth, Zhou Wenju’s Liulitang Shike Tu in Southern Tang Dynasty indicates that this story had by then become part of Jiangning’s local culture. Most of the poets in Yin Fan’s Danyang Ji were from the Southeast, and the anthology came out at the same time when Liu Fu studied in the Southeast and Wang Changling lived in Jiangning. It can be concluded that Wang Changling actually taught poetics in Jiangning, and that the Heyue Yingling Ji, and Wang Changling’s Poetry Rule might all be related to this background in one way or another. Liu Fu’s Tomb Inscription provides us with more detailed knowledge on the poetic activities outside the capital in the Glorious age of Tang Dynasty.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 75- [Abstract] ( 507 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1622KB] ( 1252 )

	85	Xian Xiaoting

		From Writing to Compiling:Formation and Characteristics of Title Notes of Tang Poetry
		The self-annotation of Tang poetry is divided into three types:title note,interlinear note and end note.The title note is below the title;the interlinear note is among the lines;and the end note is attached to the end of a poem.The interlinear note annotates the rhyme,words, figures,places,current affairs,historical events,allusions,etc.of a poem.Generally,it is similar to the notes of Confucian classics, historical records, philosophical writings and miscellaneous works in nature.However,the subject of the self-annotation of Tang poetry is not the interlinear note but the title note.The title note is the main mode of the self-annotation of Tang poetry.In the self-annotations of Tang poetry,the interlinear note appeared far posterior to the title note.The self-annotations made by the poets in early boom time of the Tang Dynasty are almost all title notes.From the period of Du Fu to the middle and late Tang Dynasty,the interlinear notes started to be increased, but the title note was still the subj ect of the self-annotation of late Tang poetry. Unlike the notes of general ancient books and records,the title note of Tang poetry neither aims at solving a problem, nor elucidates the word meaning, sentence meaning and poetic meaning of a poem.The title notes of Tang poetry mainly include such types as the note of the creation form,the note of the author's official position,the note of the creation date,the note of the creation place,the note of the origin of creation and the note of the creation background.The writing date of some title notes synchronizes with the creation date of poems.However,the creation date of a large number of title notes does not synchronize with that of the poems.It is because the generation and formation of the title note of Tang poetry is different from that of the notes of general ancient books and records.Most of the Tang poems appearing in the later ages were collated anthologies of poets.Seen from the original books of Tang poems,i.e.,the manuscripts and stone inscriptions of Tang poems,the original writing forms of Tang poems are much more complicated than that of anthologies in the original inscription,sending/presenting and spreading process.In addition to the title,lines and preface,a poem often includes:name,mostly the name of the author's official position;prefatory remarks,recording the creation date and place;and poem foreword,recording the origin of creation and the creation background.These are the text sources of the title notes of Tang poetry.In other words,the title notes of Tang poetry are from such information as the name,prefatory remarks and poem foreword inscribed in front of or behind a poem by the compilers of an anthology in the compiling process,and such information is stored below poem titles in the form of two-line small characters.Some directly become title notes without being modified,showing the characteristics of synchronizing with the creation date of poems.Some are slightly altered,showing the characteristics of not synchronizing with the creation date of the poems.Nevertheless,we know very little about how the Tang people added,deleted or revised the notes in the process of compiling anthologies.The exploration on the formation process of title notes of Tang poetry undoubtedly reveals an important issue in the compilation of anthologies of Tang poems.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 85- [Abstract] ( 603 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1566KB] ( 1431 )

	95	Zhang Guojun

		Natural and Artificial Ethical Relations Make Chinese Ethical Immortality: A Phylogeny-based Ethical Classification in Qin and Han Dynasties
		This paper introduces for the first time some key issues such as ″the classification of ethical relations,″ ″Chinese ethical immortality″ and ″Chinese type of faith,″ vitalize the tradition that has sorted ethical relations into Natural Relations (Tianlun) and Artificial Relations (Renlun) since the Qin and Han dynasties, and carry forward the traditional wisdom that interprets how the same root branches out into different forms.  The paper attempts to trace the origins of the classification of ethical relations. Tianlun and Renlun correspond to different phenomena and categories: Tianlun refers to the natural ethical relations, and Renlun refers to the artificial relations. They started in Qin and Han Dynasties, or maybe even earlier, but are still full of vitality. This paper tries to prove such correspondences, clear up the confusions，define their connotations, and develop their denotations. Based on the fact that Tianlun and Renlun evolved from the same root, we will first try to demonstrate the immortality of Chinese ethics: Tianlun originated from the ethical relations between parent and child and between brother and sister of the same strain. Tianlun evolved into Renlun, passes down from generation to generation and connects all transitory lives. Eternity is born in this experience. Renlun is based on honesty and serves its own purposes. Consanguinity and Tianlun branch out into relations of the married couple, lovers, professions, religions, online relationships and so on. Based on necessity and possibility, such relations (husband and wife, foster parent and child, friends and all professional and social ethics) may be formed or dissolved. The relationships can be intimate, somewhat intimate and loose. All Renlun returns to Tianlun and both are eventually assimilated into immortality. Tianlun and Relun co-produce Chinese ethical immortality. The immortality of Chinese ethical relations is typically Chinese: it is realistic in contrast to faramita; it is empirical in contrast to transcendental; it is endogenous, transcending life and death, in contrast to the Christian God, Islamic Allah or Buddhist Buddha. In history, it has been accompanied by many other factors in the continuation of civilization and the lasting stability of the country. In reality, it faces many challenges which need to be studied and answered. The classification of Tianlun and Renlun involves a series of vital issues that have only been mentioned, yet not fully studied in the previous researches. First, in addition to phylogeny, the approaches to ethical classification also include links, fields, content, ranking, space-time, real-virtual and other dimensions, each of which has many levels and phases, developing and co-developing mutual ethical restrictions. Second, in the history of ideology, Renlun (according to Mencius) came before Tianlun (in Gongyang Zhuan and Guliang Chuan). Their orders of occurrence should be identified and sorted. Third, Tianlun and Renlun have brought the focus of the nature-human relationship onto ″Lun,″ or ethical relationship. Is there any major implication here? If yes, then what it is? What relationship existed between Tianlun and Renlun, nature and human, Tao of nature and humanity? Fourth, both Tianlun and Renlun have their ethical constraints on ethical entities, societies and countries. What are their purposes, and what is their mechanism? What are their relationships to benevolence and justice, or between loving relatives? What are their relationships to the loyalty of subjects to their monarch, or between righteousness and family loyalty or between righteousness and profit? Fifth, how could the origin, dimension, characteristics, mechanism and functions of the immortality of Chinese ethical relations be internalized into traditional Chinese faith? Is the immortality in traditional Chinese faith, being realistic, empirical and endogenous, still alive and well? Could they co-produce a modern Chinese belief in combination with other factors? Sixth, what is the realistic vitality of the above factors? If they change with respect to ethical differentiation, how would they change, and what is their deeper influence on the present social entities? These questions all need to be clarified.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 95- [Abstract] ( 733 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1564KB] ( 1202 )

	105	Jin Jie Wu Ping

		A Study of the Translation Philosophy and Subj ectivity of Translators Reflectedby the Prefaces in the English Versions of RickshawBoy
		Reading the preface to a translated version is a significant approach for readers to capture a translator's translation philosophy,his or her translation practices,and the relationship between social circumstances and the translation itself.Meanwhile,there is no doubt that the preface written by a translator is of high theoretical value because a preface,as″a small text,″can directly reflect the reality in the″big social-cultural text.″The translation of Rickshaw Boy is a successful sample of Sino-western cultural communication and researching the prefaces of Rickshaw Boy in different English versions is bound to deepen our understanding about the translation practices of different translators.Currently,the most influential English versions of RickshawBoy are translated by King(in 1945),James(in 1979),Shi(in 1981)and Goldblatt(in 2010). However, only James and Goldblatt have written prefaces in their published translations.Given the fact,this paper compares James'preface with Goldblatt's so as to probe into the translation philosophy and the subj ectivity of these two translators.Based on a close reading of the prefaces,the paper clarifies how the differences between the two translators'subj ectivity lead to the different communication effects,academic values as well as market values of these two versions.Motivated by the target of academic research,James provided a translation which showed great respect for the original text,and aimed at maintaining the cultural information of the original novel.James'version is research-oriented and is of high academic value,but the abundant details in her preface may weaken the interest of common readers,which may hinder the popularization of this version.Compared with the translation of James,Goldblatt's version achieves a better balance between academic significance and market consideration.Goldblatt's preface indicates that his translation is driven by his personal interest in Lao She's creation and the ups and downs which this great Chinese writer underwent in his life.Moreover,Goldblatt also explained his translation strategy in his preface,which showed his consideration about readers'aesthetic acceptance. Furthermore,this study delves into the translators'subj ectivity reflected in the two English versions,proposing that the translations of James and Goldblatt represent two different types of translation practices driven by two different motives,i.e.,academic research and personal interest.The translation strategy of James has a strong academic research inclination.She frequently used abstract diction which indicated her reflection and j udgment about the novel and the social circumstances depicted in it.James was well aware of the realistic tendency of this reportorial novel so that she made in-depth analysis about its setting,plot,characters and theme within the framework of sociology and literature studies. She attempted to present an″encyclopedic″introduction about the original work in her preface.However,the preface of Goldblatt is rather″author-oriented,″for it attaches much importance to Lao She's life.Few comments about the literary significance of the original novel can be found in this preface and much room is left to readers to interpret the work by themselves.Last but not least,the paper argues that the subj ectivity of a translator is pre-determined by his/her historical and cultural backgrounds which are integrated into the translation practices of a translator.In fact,it is the personal pre-determined historical backgrounds that provide the translator with the so-called″j ustified prej udice″which contributes to a richer interpretation and a better popularization of the source text.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 105- [Abstract] ( 767 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1615KB] ( 3207 )

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		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 110- [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 34 )

	112	Tian Xu Yu Xiaohua Zhang Xiaoheng

		Grain Output Potential in China: A Perspective from Club Convergence
		China has achieved remarkable progress in grain production since 1978， in which yield increase played an important role. We can expect that future growth in grain output will highly depend on yield increase. Current literatures mainly adopt the productivity analysis to estimate the production potential， which assumes an identical production frontier in whole China and ignores the heterogeneities in agricultural policies， geography， and climates across regions. This paper sheds light on the club convergence in the yield of three main grains among provinces in China. With provincial yield data of rice， maize， and wheat from 1980 to 2012， we first investigate the yield convergence for China by using the conventional convergence tests. Contradictory results are found between β and σ convergence tests. In particular，β convergence test provides strong evidence that the yields of all three grains are converging， which is inconsistent with the data. On the contrary，σ convergence test finds that wheat yield is diverging， while no clear trend is found for rice and maize yields. Therefore，we further adopt a newly developed statistical method proposed by Phillips and Sul（2007） to re-test the convergence， which allows for different time paths and individual heterogeneity. Their methodology is particularly useful in measuring transition toward a long-run growth path or a common steady state. We first adopt this method to test the population convergence for the three grains. Results show that rice yield is converging into one club in whole China except for Shanxi Province. Moreover， maize yield is converging in whole China， while no population convergence is found for wheat yield. Instead， we find three convergent clubs for wheat yield: Beijing， Tianjin， Hebei， Shanxi， Inner Mongolia， Liaoning， Jilin， Heilongjiang， Shandong， Anhui， Jiangsu， Zhejiang， Fujian， Shaanxi， Xinjiang and Henan converge to the first club with the highest average yield; Hubei， Hunan， Guangdong， Sichuan， Gansu， Qinghai， Ningxia， Jiangxi and Shanghai converge to the second club with the middle average yield; Yunnan， Guangxi and Guizhou converge to the third club with the lowest yield; Tibet has the highest yield and diverges. A brief analysis indicates that convergence of rice and maize yields might be attributed to the popularization of high-yield variety and low dependence on natural condition， while wide heterogeneity in natural ecological condition， various seed variety， and great difference in input factors result in three convergence clubs for wheat. Furthermore， using the maximum yield in each club as the potential production frontier， we project the grain output for each year. Our results show that the gap between real output and potential output is shrinking over time. In particular， the gap between real output and potential output of wheat is the highest in the 1980s， which however experienced the largest decline in the past three decades， and dropped down to 11.76% in 2012. The potential output of the three main grains reaches 6.6 trillion tons in 2012， which is still 26% higher than the real output. Our results indicate that the potential increase of the three main grains will remain above 10% in the next 10-20 years．
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 112- [Abstract] ( 590 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1670KB] ( 1162 )

	128	Li Jinshan Yuan Bo Shen Nan

		The Essence of Farmer Specialized Cooperative and Field Examination：Based on the Survey of 15 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives in Zhejiang Province
		At present,the phenomenon of″generalization″and″alienation″of China Farmer Specialized Cooperative arises,which is related to the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperative. However,there are relatively few studies concerning the nature of the Farmer Specialized Cooperative,and the previous studies have not provided reliable data to monitor whether the Farmer Specialized Cooperative presents its natural attribute in reality.From the transaction cost theory perspective,Farmer Specialized Cooperative is generated in order to achieve economies of scale. It could essentially reduce the high trading costs when individual farmers dealing immediately with external market,and could avoid the defects of the organization of″company″or″company plus peasant,″such as the labor supervision problems,the incompatible incentive mechanism between different subj ects,and the absence of contract enforcement.To realize the unique advantages compared to″company″and″company plus peasant,″Farmer Specialized Cooperative must(1)make the farmers independent in production,and combined in product process and circulation;(2)ensure that the farmers j ointly fund and share the ownership,j ointly provide and enjoy the service,and achieve the unification of benefits between personal and Farmer Specialized Cooperative;(3)insist on the essential attributes of″the possessor and patrons unification.″According to this feature,involving members'right to possess,to use,and to usufruct the Cooperative properties,and their residual claim rights and residual control rights,the standard that″the owners are the patrons″have been realized among more than half of the members was adopted to inspect whether Farmer Specialized Cooperatives are consistent with its real nature in reality.1 5 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives in different organizational forms and different scales from three counties(cities)had been selected,and their production costs and revenues,earnings distribution,the number of returning surplus,shareholding structure,structure of the Council members, decision-making rights on important issues, etc. had been inquired in detail to determine whether Farmer Specialized Cooperatives were consistent with their nature. These cases of 15 Farmer Specialized Cooperatives showed that 86.7% of ordinary members had no decision making rights,and they had a less residual claim rights,and members who owned the right of possession accounted for a small proportion;Farmer Specialized Cooperatives had a weak earning capacity,and half of the 60% net profits of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives were gained by policy subsidies.That is,1 3.3% of the Farmer Specialized Cooperatives exhibited the characteristics of″the owners are the patrons,″and 86.7% of them did not.There was an obvious tendency for Farmer Specialized Cooperatives to seek profits and become corporatized.The reasons lied in the heterogeneity of members, the related policy and institutional environment associated with the Farmer Specialized Cooperatives. Members with different resource endowments had different expectations of cooperative decision-making and property relations arrangement.The major members would expand the scale of cooperatives for high expectations of earnings,but would not transfer″decision-making rights″to absorb ordinary members;and the ordinary members would not give up land rent in order to get″decision-making rights.″The major members could realize their control and usufruct rights on key invest elements by the amount of their shares,while the ordinary could hardly get access to the resources,and they have to accept this arrangement equity structure. The government should adopt differentiated and dynamic guidance and incentives according to different regions,development stages,levels and cooperative types of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives. Multi-types and high-yield of subsidy policy contributed to the alienation of the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives.Local government put emphasis on its function of developing economy,but neglected supervision of standardization of its operation;and it attached more importance to the amount instead of the contents and obj ectives;furthermore,factors like low administrative costs of supporting fake Farmer Specialized Cooperatives also led to an ineffective implementation of relevant laws and regulations,which provided conditions for the alienation of the nature of Farmer Specialized Cooperatives.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 128- [Abstract] ( 687 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1665KB] ( 1201 )

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		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 130- [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 34 )

	141	Chen Guoquan Sun Shaoyang

		Local Governments Operating Mechanism and High Integrity Risk under the Strategy of ″Efficiency Priority″
		Since the reform and opening up policy in 1970s， China has been keeping development as its central task. With the strategy of ″Efficiency Priority，″ local governments have shown great achievements in governing capability as well as economic development. At the same time， an increasingly prominent problem is the imbalance between rapid economic growth and serious political corruption. As two sides of a coin， high integrity risk and systematic corruption indicate institutional incentives. This article aims to reveal the basis in economic fundamentals and governance between high governing capability and high integrity risk in the local governments so as to provide references for the interpretation of the ″corruption-development paradox″ and the governance of a clean government． Local governments' economic growth models were formed under the central-local relations which were relatively centralized in politics and decentralized in economy. Local governments' competition， which is based on the Promotion Tournament Model， has made government investment an important way to achieve economic growth. Public ownership provides local governments with channels of utilizing land business to obtain investment funding， and land business leads local governments to turn into ″Integrated Governance.″ In the ″integrated governance″ mode， the connection of the political mechanism and administrative mechanism with the operation mechanism of company achieves efficiency， and changes local governments' governance thinking， ruling methods and power structures. In the process of seeking economic growth， economic thinking goes to the forefront. So local governments' operation mechanism is the basis of the ″corruption-development paradox.″ The operation mechanism of government has a profound impact on the corruption control mechanism. The efficiency priority thinking takes precedence over controlling corruption thought. The concentration of power structure leads to the power restricting failure， punishment-based governance results in the lack of prevention， and these lead to the high integrity risk of the local governments． In the new period of development， economic development is inseparable from the pursuit of efficiency， and the prevention of high integrity risk is also of great urgency. Attention to both economic development and clean government construction is the right attitude at this stage. Anti-corruption policies in this situation need systematic governance thinking，scientific governance structure and rational governance path. Classification management in production and distribution areas， power controlling with restriction and supervision combined， are worthy of further studies.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 141- [Abstract] ( 554 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1591KB] ( 990 )

	154	Wu Jiebing Li Yong Zhang Yuting

		The Origin of Hierarchical Political Trust in China: The Influence of Cultural Psychology and Institutional Performance
		Political trust indicates a fundamental orientation toward the government， reflecting the degree of citizen's support for government. It not only has a deep impact on the cost of public policy implementation but also is of great importance to the political stabilization. Many scholars have argued that within the Chinese society， the central government receives high degrees of trust whereas the local governments get low degrees of trust from the public. Not only does this situation cause dilemmas for the local governments， but it also affects the stability of the entire political system.  Previous studies have shown that cultural psychology and the institutional performance are considered as two important sources of citizen's political trust. But how do these factors affect the hierarchical political trust in China？ And which kind of mechanism leads to a strong-center and weak-local political trust structure？ These questions still remain unclear. To bridge these research gaps， based on large statistical data—the second wave of China volume Asian Barometer Survey， a moderated multiple linear regression model is established. Through empirical analysis， this article explores the various impacts of cultural psychology and institutional performance on the central political trust， local political trust， and trust gaps， respectively. Moreover， this article examines the interactional effects between cultural psychology and institutional performance. This article strongly supports the result that institutional performance and cultural psychology are the main sources of political trust. Empirical results show that the authoritarian values， economic performance， and government response have positive effects on the central as well as local political trust significantly. Besides， the authoritarian values and government responses are proved to have negative effects on the trust gap between central government and local governments. This result suggests that the authoritarian values and government responses are two main sources of hierarchical trust， further extending the understanding of the origin of hierarchical trust in China. Further studies find that the interaction of authoritarian values and economic performances has a significantly negative effect on central government trust while the interaction of authoritarian values and government responses has a significantly negative effect on local government trust. In particular， the results also reveal that there exists a significantly negative effect of the interaction terms of authoritarian values and economic performances on the trust gap between central government and local governments. This result demonstrates that authoritarian values will play a better role in the case of high economic performances. This finding advances the understanding of the hierarchical trust in the government from the perspective of interactional mechanism．
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 154- [Abstract] ( 934 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2291KB] ( 1805 )

	167	Jin Xiangrong Zhao Xuejiao

		The Spillover Effect of Central City and Urban Economic Growth: Evidences fromPanel Data 2000-2012 of the Urban Agglomeration in China
		Recently,the strategy of spatial development in China has become more and more important.An increasing number of researches focus on the urban economic growth and the coordinated development of regions.Urban agglomeration,as an advanced spatial pattern of urban development, breaks through the barriers of administrative divisions and organically establishes the connection of different cities in the same region.Therefore,since the beginning of the new century,the progress of urban agglomeration becomes the most important content of the regional development strategy in China.There are 10 urban agglomerations in China.Every agglomeration has one or two central cities which have various dominant functions and always play a pivotal role.It is an important measurement of the progress of urban agglomeration to identify the influences from the central city to peripheral cities,as well as to provide an important theoretical and empirical evidence to promote the urban development and regional economic integration.The main contribution of this paper is to make a significant supplement of the empirical researches on the urban and regional economics in China,and provide a new perspective for the analysis of the development progress of urban agglomeration.Based on the theoretical framework of the New Economic Geography(NEG)and the New Growth Theory,this paper gives a theoretical model about the economic development level of an area which is influenced by other areas surrounding it.In the empirical part,this paper uses the municipal panel data of the year 2000 2012,and constructs a dynamic panel model to estimate the influences from the development of central city to the economic growth of peripheral cities, and uses the system GMM method to avoid the endogenous and simultaneous problems in econometric strategy.Our findings are as follows:(1)The central city shows a positive spillover effect on the economic growth of peripheral cities according to the analysis of 136 cities of the 10 urban agglomerations in China;(2)It shows an overall trend of″down-steady-up″like″U″style between central and peripheral cities because of the time series according to classification analysis of different urban agglomerations,such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration.Beijing as the central city of this agglomeration shows a negative backwash effect on the peripheral cities before 2007 and a positive spillover effect after 2007;(3)The results are also different because of the heterogeneity of the internal structure of urban agglomerations,such as the Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomeration,which has two central cities Jinan and Qingdao.The joint effects on the peripheral cities are more significant than the effects from single cities.In addition,we also find that the educational level of human capital has little effect on low-end manufacturing industry regions,and the size of local governments has a significant positive impact in the less developed areas where market investment is insufficient,such as in the middle and west regions of China. The innovations of this paper are as follows:Firstly,for the method of research,we construct a theoretical as well as econometric model about the economic growth of peripheral cities according to the combination of the New Growth theory and the New Economic Geography theory,and includes the spatial factors in it.Secondly,we break through the regional divisions of province or the east、middle and west districts of China,and use an urban agglomeration instead of the traditional classification unit as the obj ect of our research,then estimate the spillover or the polarization effect from central city based on the total sample including all 1 3 6 cities.Thirdly, considering the heterogeneity and time phase in different urban agglomerations we use the ten sub-samples to make empirical estimations and have a comparative analysis of the different results.
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 167- [Abstract] ( 523 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1578KB] ( 2005 )

	179	Yao Xianguo Wang Tongyi Jin Zhangfeng

		Citizenization and Individual Labor Income: From the Perspective of Externality
		Accelerating the reform of household registration system and pushing forward the citizenization will undoubtedly enhance fairness and promote the integration of urban and rural labor market. It is also considered as a key approach to reduce the income gap between urban and rural residents by increasing farmers' income and to stimulate domestic consumption. For those who previously were not but later become citizens， citizenization not only entitles them to access the public services and other social welfare， but also increases their income by raising their reservation wage and strengthening their bargaining power， both of which will enhance their consumption. Whether citizenization would eventually reduce the income gap and stimulate domestic consumption， however， depends on its external effects on the other two groups whose status remain unchanged， namely， the original citizens and non-citizens who have failed to share the pie. This paper is one of the first empirical studies on citizenization's externality． We first define the concept and subject of citizenization before conducting the regression. Based on the existing literature and public policy discourse， ″citizens″ is defined as residents who are entitled to access urban public services and ″citizenization″ as the process through which non-citizens gradually gain the rights to enjoy the urban public services as citizens. As a result of citizenization， the proportion of citizens in a region will increase. In this paper， the proportion of citizens in a region is called ″regional citizenization rate.″ When it comes to the subject of citizenization， two opinions occur: some scholars insist migrant workers in the cities should be the subject， while others hold the view that the subject should be the whole non-citizen group， with migrant workers included. We argue that a consensus that the subject of citizenization should be the whole non-citizen group could be easily reached if we shift the focus from the debate over changing farmers' or migrants' hukou status to stripping away the subsidiary functions from the household registration system. Hence， the denominator should be ″the total permanent residents in the region″ rather than ″the permanent residents living in cities and towns″ when calculating the ″regional citizenization rate.″ We calculate regional citizenization rate using the micro data of 2005 national 1% population sample survey and then investigate the causal relationship between regional citizenization rate and individual labor income. Two different indicators， the proportion of non-agricultural population in the total permanent residents and the average coverage of pension， unemployment and medical insurance， are applied to measure the regional citizenization rate. The results by the two indicators are roughly consistent， both demonstrating significant positive external effects. The marginal external effect of regional citizenization rate， measured by the average coverage of pension， unemployment and medical insurance， on individual labor income using 2SLS with an instrument variable is 0.374. Specifically， the marginal external effect for non-citizens is 0.251， while that for original citizens is much larger， 0.550. It implies that with other conditions unchanged， every 10 percent increase in regional citizenization rate would increase individual labor income by 3.8 percent on average， with 2.5 percent for non-citizens and 5.7 percent for original citizens， respectively. We then relax the assumption that the instrument variable is completely exogenous and re-estimate the external effect with the UCI Method developed by Conley et al. The results show that the external effect is robust． The results indicate ″beggaring thy neighbor″ is not the case. On the contrary， both original citizens and non-citizens who have failed to share the pie will benefit from citizenization. Therefore， the government should guide the public perception properly to eliminate unnecessary fear and barriers for citizenization， and promote the advancement of the citizenization. The results also show that citizenization should be a new engine of China's consumption and economic growth in the future， which the government should not ignore．
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 179- [Abstract] ( 499 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1625KB] ( 1277 )

	190	Jiang Fen

		A Review on Benchmarks of Private Investor for Determining Subsidized Benefit: From the Perspective of Hermeneutics of Law and Economics of Law
		Legally definitional criteria of subsidy， which require a finding of a financial contribution by a government actor and a benefit subsequently conferred， are employed in the SCM Agreement of the WTO. Compared with the concept of a financial contribution which is amplified by four explanatory sub-paragraphs， the content of benefit seems more unclear and controversial when it comes to the details. Although the Appellate Body confirmed the Panels finding in Canada-Aircraft that a ″benefit″ would only be conferred if a financial contribution was provided on terms that are more advantageous than those that would have been available to the recipient on the commercial market， along with Article 14 which constitutes relevant context for the interpretation of ″benefit，″ the concept of a benefit remains ambiguous especially in complex disputes where the ″commercial market″ is not easily identifiable． Government provision of equity capital is one typical type of such financial contributions. According to Article 14（a） of the SCM Agreement， usual investment practice of private investors is regarded as the benchmark for determining whether the subsidized benefit has been conferred by governmental equity infusion. The decision to make equity infusion depends， to a large extent， on personal subjective judgment of each investor on the future. Therefore， the benchmark of usual investment practice of private investors is quite flexible but still needs to be predictable as a legal norm. However， there are no provisions in the SCM Agreement regarding how to ascertain such usual investment practices of private investors in specific disputes． Meanwhile， the Dispute Settlement Body of WTO has established the basic frame for the benchmark of usual investment practice of private investors by means of making interpretations in some subsidy disputes. In Japan-DRAMs（Korea）， the panel and Appellate Body accept that two types of evidences are relevant in determining the existence of benefit: one is evidence of the terms that the market would have offered; the other is evidence about whether or not the financial contribution is provided on the basis of commercial considerations． The price which a private investor needs to pay for the same or comparable equity in the investment market shall be chosen in first priority as the benchmark of usual investment practice of private investors. A prerequisite of equity ratio should not be required since it is irrelevant with the issue whether the above price is from unconstrained exchange in the relevant market. Meanwhile， neither prices of inside investors confined to sunk-cost effects nor constructed prices should be chosen as benchmarks. The criterion of rational investors advocated by the Appellate Body in Japan-DRAMs （Korea）， is essentially the criterion of outside investors. There is also no feasibility and necessity for the constructed prices of the same or comparable equity． If there exists no private investor price， commercial consideration of governmental investment could be reviewed instead. A private investor with commercial consideration only focuses on anticipated commercial profit for its equity infusion. The expected profit is the sum of the probabilities of each possible outcome times the value of each of those outcomes. The hypothetical private investor needs neither to pursue the most profitable investment or maximize returns， nor pursue short-term profits. It is acceptable that the rate of profit or the return is on par with the average in the particular sector where the investment takes place， without running excessive risks in relation to other investors in comparable situations.  The onus of proof about the commercial consideration is on the investigated party. Uncorroborated claims， speculations or hunches cannot be accepted as proofs because it is unreasonable for the government using public money to act without due prudence， gamble and make risky bets. What is reasonable in this context is that the rest of the market believes. A relevant， independent， logical and professional report issued by accounting firms， independent banks， venture capital companies and consultants will be the preferred evidence for commercial consideration．
		2016 Vol. 2 (5): 190- [Abstract] ( 470 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1592KB] ( 1154 )

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