JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES)

Chinese Characters developed on the Silk Road through the ages and they spread among many ethnic groups in East Asia and eventually a Sinographic Sphere was formed, which was a vital window for understanding the cultural exchanges between China and the West. This paper draws special attention to the differences of the transmission of Sinographic culture in the Chinese part of the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. It also discusses and offers reasonable interpretations on the varieties of the acceptance and development of this Sinographic culture. It analyzes the roles of merchants, the military, monks, diplomats, and government officials for spreading Sinographic culture and their channels, by focusing on the transmissions of Chinese characters, bilingual writings, and Chinese texts. The main sources for this study include those textual remains discovered from Gaochang, Kucha, and Khotan since the 19th Century. It attempts to offer a reasonable explanation on the spread of Chinese characters. In the Tang Dynasty, the spread of Chinese characters and texts had different experience of acceptance and development in different regions and periods, based on different conditions of commercial trade, economy, politics, religions and ways of life. It seems to be in accordance with the local needs for Chinese characters and texts in reality. This study finds that as early as in the Han Dynasty, Chinese characters have reached Gaochang, Kucha, Khotan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, yet the developments in these regions were different. It seems that in the regions where local residents had ethnic writing systems of their own, Chinese characters and texts would be spread with the advocate of the local Han administrations. If their local writing systems could not compromise with the Chinese writing system, Chinese characters and texts would not be easily accepted. The Chinese documents found in Gaochang, Kucha, and Khotan seem to suggest that Chinese characters were mainly used in commercial trade, and followed by religious transmission, military use and civil administration. Therefore, the Sinographic culture did take root in these ethnic cultures. For those ethnic regions and states where writing systems were developed much later, before they had their own writing scripts, they often relied on Sinographs as tools for cultural exchanges and transmissions. In the regions where the Sinographs were used as reading and writing tools for a long time, such as in Tibet, Tangut, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, the Chinese texts flourished. The Chinese culture was accepted and took root in the local societies. Even though these regions created their own languages and writing systems and they no longer mainly used Chinese Sinographs, the Sinographic culture still played a crucial role in their national life and culture. In summary, if the official language and writing system was the same as the national language and writing system in a region or the language of religion, the spread of Sinographs would be easily formed as a culture and endure for a long time. If the official language of a region was different from the daily language of the residents, or from the language of the local religions, the Sinograohic culture was hardly sustaining. If the official language changed or the religion changed, the spread of the Sinographic culture would fade away. However, local Chinese residents would keep using Chinese language.

Although the compilation and research on medieval literature history have undergone a history of 100 years, some weaknesses, blind spots, biases and disagreements still exist. For example, the consciousness of literature largely shields some important style and literary phenomena during the process of Chinese literature development, so that the writing of literature history has gradually deviated from the reality of literature development. As for the problem of the linear way of thinking, the writings on traditional Chinese literature history mostly narrate its historical development according to its dominant vein and evolution process by the time clue, and therefore it is difficult to emphasize and highlight the genuine appearance of literature history from the spatial dimension. As a result, the genuine aspects of literature history can hardly been seen. Another problem is the restriction of discipline, especially the restriction of traditional academic research under the classification of disciplines since the founding of new China, which most obviously caused the separation of the traditional literature and history research. With the gradual prosperity of newly excavated literature, the old research mode can be changed to some extent, and new research space can be expanded. Some aspects can even be rewritten and constructed. The most important two kinds of documents in newly excavated documents are stone inscription documents (the largest one is epitaph) and manuscript documents. These two kinds of documents are original documents in the research of medieval literature history. Compared with the documents handed down from ancient times, the newly excavated epitaph reflects the characteristics of family culture in the medieval times in the original physical form and text form. These living biographies reproduce a group of figures between the 3rd and the 9th centuries. Especially the poet’s epitaph, the self-composed epitaph, and the coupled epitaph are exquisite in image building, narrative lyricism and creative process. The manuscripts of medieval literature are mostly Dunhuang manuscripts and Turpan manuscripts, plus the manuscripts returned from Japan. These manuscripts not only provide the text materials for literary research, but also are important witnesses of the literary communication and cultural exchange. The newly excavated documents of the medieval times show more connotations of literature history, and also act as important carriers of medieval literary research. They can promote the diversification of the research on medieval literature history. An important way of writing medieval literature history is to transform from linear way of thinking to diversity narration, and to lay emphasis on the relationship between the cohesion of the center and the marginal vitality of literature. Attention should also be paid to the female writing on medieval literature to reveal the special paths of literary development. It is also very important to construct the family pedigree of medieval literature by the family inheritance of literature, as well as to stress research on the evolution of the literary system in order to reexamine the positioning of the literature-centered research.

Universal properties of languages have always been important in traditional linguistics study. In recent years, studies have increasingly presented a trend which integrates multiple disciplines and methods,e.g.cognitive science, network science, big data analysis and quantitative techniques. So far, results of the survey on large-scale cross-language materials have indicated that human languages have a tendency toward dependency distance minimization. This tendency suggests that, although human languages differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, etc., their syntax may be bound by universal mechanisms, and their evolution may also have a universal model.

Dependency distance, which is defined as the linear distance between two words which are syntactically related,can reflect the comprehension difficulty of syntactic structure. Therefore,the dependency distance minimization is considered as resulting from cognitive mechanism and the effect of ″the principle of least effort″ on syntactic structure. It also proves that humans prefer to avoid the use of long-distance dependencies to reduce cognitive cost. As a result, dependency distance distribution may present a certain pattern. Revealing this pattern will help us understand how human cognitive mechanism works on syntactic structure. 

But the question is which of the probability distributions can fit the pattern of dependency distance distribution more properly - the power law distribution or the exponential distribution? To find out the answer, this paper uses the following methods and materials to analyze dependency distance distribution: 1) Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) is used to smooth data, to avoid statistical fluctuation, and to lower fitting error; 2) Maximum likelihood estimation and likelihood ratio test are used to fit and compare five kinds of ″heavy tail″ distribution, including exponential and power law; 3) HamleDT 2.0 dependence treebank is adopted, especially for language materials which are annotated with Prague Dependencies Scheme, because this annotation scheme is most similar to the traditional dependency grammar, and more helpful to find the rules of language structure.

With these methods and materials, this research analyzes dependency treebanks of 30 languages, and summarises the following findings: 1) Complementary Cumulative Distribution indicates that distribution of dependency distance in human languages proved has certain regularity; 2) for the majority of 30 languages, the distribution of dependency distance conforms to certain models, namely, Stretched Exponential Distribution (SED) for ″short sentences″ and Truncated Power Law Distribution (TPLD) for ″long sentences″ ; 3) although dependency distance distribution patterns differ among languages, they all fit, in essence, to a mixed exponential and power law distribution; 4) the debate over exponential distribution and power law distribution might mainly be caused by different fitting methods, different languages, different sentences length and text size, etc. The findings of this research will help us better understand the nature of the dependency distance minimization. It may also reveal that the dependency distance in human languages may abide by a certain universal distribution pattern. At the same time, the findings may contribute significantly to constructing the syntactical synergetic subsystem in the framework of dependency grammar.

This study examines equivalence in legal translation from the perspective of sociosemiotics. Legal translation, as linguistic transfer in the mechanism of law, is subject to both legal and linguistic systems. Although equivalence remains a crucial part in legal translation, exact equivalence can hardly be achieved in this transferring process. Thus, it means that the main task of translation is to resolve discrepancy in the meanings between source and target languages. The article revisits the concept of equivalence and discusses equivalence in legal translation and translation strategies from the perspective of sociosemiotics. Based on cases in legal translation practice, it is suggested that under the framework of translation semantic triangle, total equivalence could be attained. The study explores the complexities of legal translation from the perspective of sociosemiotics, thereby providing references for legal translation theory and practices. Differing from general translation, legal translation often faces the situation that a source language legal concept cannot be adapted to the target language. Yet from the perspective of law, in bilingual countries and regions such as Hong Kong, the European Union, and Quebec, Canada, languages must have the equal status, that is, be it a linguistic issue or a translation problem, exact equivalence must be realized in order to ensure language rights and language equality, which also remains a pivotal part of judicial equality. For both theorists and practitioners in legal translation, it is difficult to find a total equivalence. Due to differences between legal systems and languages, it is natural to encounter inconsistencies in terms of terminologies and concepts encoded in different languages under different legal systems. Thus, there are two research questions: Can translators create an exact equivalence or a precise linguistic form for a legal term in the source language if there is no exact equivalence in the target language? How does the translator choose an equivalence if there are multiple candidates as the linguistic form in target language? In the semantic triangle, there exists a dotted line between the sign vehicle and referent which indicates that symbols and ideas do not necessarily associate with one another. Therefore, in the initial stage of legal transplant or legal translation, it is natural that a sign (representamen) and its interpretation (interpretant) share the same sense. The development and settlement of an interpretant represents the development and evolution of law, whereas the evolving process of interpretant may differ from the route of its representamen, for the pair gradually accumulate meanings in different contexts respectively. To explore the complexities of this issue, based on cases in bilingual judgments of Hong Kong High Court, we find that in the process of legal transplant or legislation in a bilingual or multilingual legal system, the creation of equivalence is a process of sociosemiotic process rather than a linguistic or symbolic conversion. The sociosemiotic analysis of the self-made corpus shows that total equivalence in legal translation can be achieved at both theoretical and practical levels. Legal translation is a communicative act of contextualism, in which the referent and the reference represented by representamen contribute to a holistic organism. In the translation semantic triangle, representamen and interpretant refer to the same reference/sense. Because the sign does not have meanings itself, its meaning is endowed by the sign user in the discourse community, and the exact equivalence is therefore achieved through the use of a semantic reference scheme, metalinguistic functions and crime element analysis. Thus, in legal translation the creation of equivalence is not the behavior of individuals but a sociosemiotic switch of speech acts.

The Song Dynasty had more talents than the other dynasties in the Chinese history. The imperial examination reforms made it easier for the talented from the ordinary stood out. It provided opportunities for them to display their talents. It was also related to the official recommendation system. There were three major types of recommendations. The first is ″Juguan Zidai.″ Usually when a middle or high level official received a promotion, he must recommend someone to replace his for-mer position. Though this practice was adopted previously, it was the Song Dynasty that formed the system officially. The second, if low level civil officials were to be promoted to the middle level, they needed several referrals.The third, sometimes they also needed referrals in cases such as promotion or appointment of a government position.  There are two basic concepts in recommending a qualified candidate in the Song Dynasty. One is Liu Zhi's viewpoint: a talent must possess both political integrity and professional competence. The other is Yuan Xie's viewpoint: political integrity is usually separated from ability. As it's was not easy to find talents, mistakes were unavoidable in practice, even for statesmen like Wang Anshi and Sima Guang. However, Cui Yuzhi of the Southern Song Dynasty made fewer mistakes and recommended many talents. He proposed a more comprehensive view of talent selection. On the one hand, he emphasized on a morality-oriented concept. The best talent is someone who possesses both political integrity and professional competence. The second best talent is someone who possesses loyalty and political integrity. On the other hand, he was not fully against appointing a useful petty man. However, measures must be adopted to prevent a petty man from winnibg power and influence while a gentleman lose them. This theory is more comprehensive than Yuan Xie's. The success of Cui Yuzhi was guided by a correct concept of talents. He did a fine job in the following three aspects: discover able people and put them at suitable posts, paying great attention to the roles of talents in administering state affairs|do not care about personal gain or loss in talent selection for the country|no faction viewpoint and no bias in the process of recommending talents. The talents recommendation system and the example of Cui Yuzhi in the Song Dynasty can be used for reference today when we select cadres.

In Contemporary China， there are two theoretical approaches to the dynamic mechanisms of local rule of law practices.  One is the theory of national strategy of trial-and-error. It explores the logics of emergence and construction of local rule of law practices from the perspective of the central authorities. The trial-and-error of local level is the basic strategy for the construction of rule of law in China. There are two fundamental types: authorized trial-and-error and confirmed trial-and-error. The dynamic mechanisms of former focus on that local rule of law is directly driven by central authorities， while the latter is indirectly. However， both are selective under the national strategy． The other is the theory of local competition. It studies the logics of emergence and construction of local rule of law practices. Local competition is the dynamism for the development of the local rule of law. As for the reasons why there are competitions in rule of law， one is that the central government is a special model for local governance， and the other is the inherent need of local governance. In fact， there are no internal conflicts between the national strategy theory and the local competition theory， and they are just two aspects of an organic whole which are deeply embedded in the relationship of central-local governments． There are three basic difficult problems in the local rule of law practices. The first is the problem of insufficient theories， because it struggles in the cracks of the holism of national rule of law.The second is the short of local characteristics because the aim of establishing local rule of law is just a response to central polices .The third is the problem of local protectionism. Rule of law may become the legitimate tool of local interests. Actually， the fundamental reason for all these problems is the deviation of the dynamic mechanism of local rule of law. National strategy encourages local competitions which shape the national strategy in turn， and the internal dynamism of local rule of law is the local competition under the national strategy. The local rule of law practices under the national strategy may be ways of seeking political protection， but whether it is local competition or national strategy， the construction of the rule of law would be a tool of local improvement and development， bringing the local rule of law practices into paradox: pushing on the local construction of rule of law with ways other than rule of law， and covering up the illegal nature with the deception of rule of law. As a consequence， the local construction of the rule of law would be formalism． In the future， the local construction of rule of law should be based on rule of law in relationship between central and local levels. China may still take the trial-and-error strategy， but the trial-and-error of local rule of law should be regular under law provisions. Meanwhile， the local competition of the rule of law should be guided to respond to the society and not the central policies， then to be the dynamism and construction logics of local rule of law.

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of CPC put forward the important task of “setting up a scientific indicators system for the construction of rule of law.” “The indicators system for the construction of government by law” (the ISCGL) involves various aspects of the indicators system of the construction of rule of law, and the task of its construction is urgent and arduous. Though local governments and academics have commenced corresponding researches and practices and gained some experience, the current indicators systems are still imperfect, and none can guarantee such favorable assessment results as to be promoted or applied on a nationwide scale. Under this background, it is urgent to build a scientific and systemic indicators system for the construction of government by law. The idea of “government by law” is the foundation of the construction of ISCGL. To improve the ISGLC requires further analysis of the connotative characteristics of government by law and a clearer demarcation of its controversial boundaries. To understand the connotation of government by law, it is essential to avoid the definition plight through quantitative analysis, harbor a holistic view of the rule of law, emphasize the dialectical unity of the formal and the essential aspects of the rule of law and embrace the outlook of development. Practical experiences should not be ignored. Based on the practice of “the assessment of rule of law in Yuhang District of Zhejiang Province” and theoretical preparation of academics, the local governments and the Research Institute of Government by Law of CUPL commenced their practical exploration. The samples of local governments show that although the overall pattern of the indicators systems in different regions is uniform, their paths of internal logic are not. Furthermore, the indicator scores show significant differences. The samples of Research Institute of Government by Law of CUPL indicate that the intrinsic requirements of government by law are not fully reflected: the indicators system has comprehensive coverage, but is still not well elaborated; every indicator depends on external observability; and the method of average assigning score is generally used. The two types of indicators system have obvious differences in the nature, function, scope and coverage, which reveal the common problems of these indicators systems: more works should be done to achieve the goals; their design idea needs to be readjusted; their effectiveness needs to be improved; and more attention should be paid to public participation . Based on the theoretical and practical analysis, with national applicability, reasonable access, prominent functionality and high credibility as the goals, and with administrative support, administrative behaviors and administrative effect as the basic framework, we designed ten first-class indicators, namely system construction, organization and leadership, government functions, team construction, executive decision, administrative enforcement, administrative supervision, making government affairs public, precaution against and resolution of social conflicts and administrative effect. Combined with the principles of designing scientific indicators and assigning scores, we constructed the whole indicators system. Naturally, no indicators system is perfect, and it involves a process of constant improvement. The problems which appear in its application and timely analysis and modification will gradually improve the scientific indicators system of the construction of government by law.

Studies on how to address aging problems should not only focus on care and nursing for the elderly， but also on a wider range of other issues， such as the elderly empowerment and social participation. Hence， in studying aging strategies， we should look at all these aspects holistically. Discussions on aging strategies involve ″healthy aging″ and ″successful aging″ concepts. Of course， other concepts or theories will also be covered in efforts to explore more development approaches. This paper systematically studies four aging concepts， and carefully compares their contents， features and policy implications. In analyzing policies，″ healthy aging″ and ″successful aging″ concepts tell us that efforts should be devoted to the improvement of the material base of the society and enhance the social welfare system as we promote the elderly care services. ″Healthy aging″ focuses on the health of the elderly， whereas the ″successful aging″ emphasizes the increase of their sense of happiness and satisfaction． This paper argues that discussions on aging issues should go beyond the elderly nursing， home-care， and community-care. The contribution potentialities of the productive activities and services that involve the elderly should also be taken into consideration. The concept of ″productive aging″ stresses the ″output″ of the elderly， while ″positive aging″ focuses on the social participation of the elderly. These two concepts all encourage the elderly to integrate themselves into the mainstream society， participate in social activities and reform the society in an active and positive way， and thus live a better life. This paper looks at four elderly-care cases， which demonstrate the policy connotation of these four concepts. It also encourages all walks of the society to participate in this social endeavor and jointly drive the development of social elderly-care undertakings． After analyzing these concepts and effects of relative policies， we analyze the features of these elderly-care concepts from the prospective of ″life quality and social quality.″ Life quality theory gives prominence to measurements of major indicators and levels of happiness; social quality theory looks at social relations， social systems and other social criteria. Emphasizing ″life quality″ and ″social quality″ is conducive to the better understanding of the meaning and focuses of the four aging concepts mentioned above. This approach reveals the living and social conditions from the prospective of individual and society． Based on these discussions， this paper analyzes the policies that aim at building a ″senior-friendly″society. Promoting healthy aging and successful aging on the basis of quality life enables the elderly to continuously improve themselves and pursue their life visions. Encouraging productive aging and positive aging on the basis of quality society means to include the elderly in social activities. The four aging concepts， therefore， can provide theoretical basis and analysis frameworks for studies and policies aiming at building a ″senior-friendly″ society. Analyzing these concepts help us better understand aging problems， find coping measures， and foster a sound and inclusive social environment for the elderly where they can be fully respected. 

The categories of evidence that are provided in criminal procedure law by using a special article are called ″the legal categories of evidence.″ Nevertheless， the definition or meaning of each legal category of evidence is not provided by law in the same way. The task of interpreting the concept of evidence categories is fulfilled by academic world of law. Among these academic interpretations， the ones in legal textbooks are undoubtedly most authoritative and typical. For a long time， scholars have nearly held the similar views on how to interpret the concept of evidence categories and current expressions of these concepts have been formed to affect the criminal procedure extensively. However， these current expressions deserve to be deeply rethought． The standard of distinguishing the categories of evidence by law is ″the presenting form of the evidence.″ The form of evidence depends on the concrete field of cognizing evidence that consists of the cognitive subject， the cognitive object and the cognitive range of time and space. Evidence may be presented in different forms in the different fields of cognition， and then must be classified into different categories. Therefore， the field of cognition must be the perspective or basic point of interpreting the categories of evidence. The traditional interpreting perspective of the legal categories of evidence is the field of ″general procedure″ in which investigation， prosecution and trial are integrated into a whole while interpreting the categories of evidence. From this perspective， materials of preserving evidence made by the organs dealing with the case， whether in written form or in electronic form， are regarded as the same categories as the evidence preserved. Not only is this view theoretically self-contradictory， but also it has obvious adverse effect on the judicial practice. First， it obfuscates the logical boundary between different categories of evidence， that is to say， the distinctions between documentary evidence or electronic datum and other categories of evidence are confused; Second， this view makes it difficult to confirm which category a testimony of witness should belong to; Third， it fosters the phenomenon of using evidence in written or electronic form during the criminal trial; Fourth， it makes the materials of preserving evidence made by the parties fail to be qualified for becoming evidence． The field of ″general procedure″ is essentially a varied field of cognition， for it can be divided into three second level fields of cognition that consist of investigation， prosecution and trial. The forms of the evidence are continually changing or transforming with the changes of the second level fields of cognition， and this is the primary cause of a series of dilemmas that traditional interpretation of the legal categories of evidence is faced with. As the field of trial has a key role in applying evidence， it should be separated from the field of ″general procedure″ and used to be the best perspective of interpreting the legal categories of evidence. Then， the perspective of interpreting the concept of evidence categories will be permanent fixed. The current reform of the system of criminal procedure provides an unprecedented opportunity for the perspective of interpretation to turn from the field of ″general procedure″ to the field of trail. If the perspective is changed， the traditional interpretations on each concept of the evidence categories should be amended， and the materials of preserving evidence should be classified according to the way of the evidence being preserved， but not the original type of the preserved evidence. Accordingly， the problems that the traditional interpretations on the legal categories of evidence are faced with will be smoothly solved: the logical dilemma between different categories of evidence will be broken; the phenomena of using evidence in writing or electronic form during the criminal trial will be further decreased; and， the materials of preserving evidence made by the parties will acquire the same status of being evidence as the documents made by organs dealing with the case．

Water Institution of China could be studied in broad and narrow frameworks. Related institutions of resources and the environment and even populations could all be nested in the broad framework，like flood control system， drainage system and irrigation system. However， this paper defines water institution of China in a narrow sense. Eight water systems are classified. They are total water withdrawal control system （TWWCS）， total water pollutant control system （TWPCS）， water resource fee system （WRFS）， water right transaction system （WRTS）， water pollutant right transaction system （WPRTS）， water eco-compensation system （WECS）， accountability system for water pollution （ASWPS） and payment system for damages of water pollution （PSDWP）. Some of these systems could be ordered logically： TWPCS is a prerequisite system of TWWCS， TWWCS is the prerequisite of WRFS and WRTS， TWPCS is the prerequisite of WPRTS. Instead of the prerequisite relationship， some of the systems hold substitutive or complementary relations: WRTS and WPRTS are complementary while these two systems were once carried out through a substitutive way under the WECS． Since 1978， these systems have evolved to deal with specific water issues and serve as institutional supports for water ecological civilization in China. TWWCS started in 1987 when the ″Water Resource Allocation Scheme for the Yellow River″ was launched by Chinas State Council. Followed by the Water Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1988， China began to implement the WRFS. The first practice of WRTS in China occurred in Zhejiang Province in 2000 and in the same period China began to implement the WECS based on the WRTS. Afterwards， WECS focused on both the quantity and quality of water as the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of Peoples Republic of China （2008 Amendment） was introduced. TWPCS appeared in Shanghai in 1985 when the Headwater Protection Ordinance in Huangpu River was implemented and enterprises in Shanghai started to transfer their excess certified emission allowances since 1987. ASWPS and PSDWP were initiated in 1979 and 1991 respectively. Environmental Protection Law （Trial） of 1979 formulated the cases of political accountability while the economic accountability is defined by the ″Interim Sanction on Violations of Environmental Protection Law and discipline″ in 2006. The typical arrangement of PSDWP is the pollution liability insurance system which was first launched in Dalian in 1991 and was carried out nationwide since 2007. The empirical studies proposed in our study on the structural evolution of water institution demonstrate that the prerequisite， substitutive and complementary relationship holds between these different water system elements. Based on an Internet review of all the available water institutions between 1978 and 2014 of all the 31 provinces， we estimated the regulation intensity of water institution. The statistics analysis shows that provinces used to pursue outstanding performances in water institution but few provinces could outperform the other provinces in all types of systems. The statistics results also indicate that the provinces which executed water institutions earlier often hold significant advantages in institutional innovations but it is still not clear whether it can maintain the advantages．

Stock index futures play an important role in the capital market， in a sense that it can not only be utilized for speculation or hedging， but also lower the costs of adjusting risk exposure. The volume， volatility and price of CSI 300 index may be influenced by the expiration day of stock index futures. Thus， studying the expiration day effects is of great significance for exploring the rationality of current delivery system and guiding investor behaviors. This paper starts from the index perspective and uses CSI 300 index data from Jan.， 2011 to Dec.， 2014 to analyze the volume， volatility and price effects. Furthermore， by focusing more on individual stocks， this paper aims to reveal hidden facts that are covered at index level.  Unlike most research results that expiration day effects appear in the last two hours which determine settlement price， this paper finds that the CSI 300 index experiences larger volume and volatility at 11∶05-11∶10 on expiration days， with mild price effects. (1) Volume: the average percentage trading volume of stock index at 11∶05-11∶10 on expiration days is significantly higher than that of the day after expiration days or five days after expiration days. Results of individual stocks show that the abnormal volume concentration on expiration days is common to all stocks， regardless of its market value or whether or not a constituent stock. (2) Volatility: both the CSI 300 index and individual stocks exhibit extraordinary significant fluctuations at 11∶05-11∶10 on expiration day， towards the same direction. The magnitude of comovement between individual stocks and index increases as well. Specifically， the volatility of top decile constituent stocks in market value is more affected than other stocks. (3) Price effects: the frequency of price reversals on expiration days is 5625%， significantly higher than that of non-expiration days. Price effects for individual stocks are even more significant. The top decile constituent stocks in market value have lower average price reversals and tendency of reversals than mid-cap stocks. This indicates that expiration day effects have a greater impact on small and medium-sized investors， because they usually trade individual stocks， while institutional investors trade ″a basket of stocks．″ The innovations of this research are as follows: (1) We expand the study of CSI 300 index to individual stocks level， and further classify constituent stocks and non-constituent stocks by their market value， which is an improvement on the previous research. (2) We use parametric tests， nonparametric tests and regressions to eliminate potential weekend effects comprehensively， and examine the volume， volatility and price effects of expiration days to reach solid conclusions. (3) The use of five-minute high frequency data makes it easier to capture the abnormal behaviors of intraday stock index. The practical contributions of this paper are as follows. For regulators， it provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for ad hoc regulations on stock index futures; for investors， it gives guidance to small and medium-sized investors for optimization of investment behaviors． 