Chinese Buddhist apocryphal scriptures， due to the reason that they were not told by the Buddha himself， have been forbidden by ″orthodox″ Buddhism. Except a small portion that survives， most of them have been lost. Among the Dunhuang documents discovered at the beginning of the last century， more than one hundred Buddhist apocryphal scriptures are preserved， most of which are not included in the Buddhist canons published before the Qing dynasty， and therefore become valuable primary sources for the study of the sinicization of Buddhism. The majority of the Buddhist apocryphal manuscripts preserved in Dunhuang corpus are fragments. Some of the fragments were from the same scroll that was torn into pieces， which seriously impedes relevant research. In this sense， the reconstruction of the Dunhuang fragmentary manuscripts is one of the fundamental tasks for the collation and study of Dunhuang documents．Zhaifa Qingjing Jing (the Scripture on the Purification of the Fast Discipline), Fawang Jing(the Scripture on the King of the Dharma) and Shiwang Jing(the Scripture on the Ten Kings) are three Buddhist apocryphal scriptures that were popular during the Sui dynasty, the Tang dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song dynasty. After a thorough study of the three scriptures in the Dunhuang corpus, this article gives a definite number and the completeness of their extant manuscripts . Based on the comparative analysis of the content connectedness, the fragmentary characters, the same formats, the same handwritings, we pieced 32 fragments of the three apocryphal scriptures together into 10 groups. Among them, there are 12 manuscripts of Zhaifa Qingjing Jing, and 2 of them are pieced together into 1 group, which isДх10418+Дх10304. There are 24 manuscripts of Fawang Jing, and 15 of them are pieced together into 5 groups, which are BD630+S.9791, Дх3968+Дх5387+Дх3989, Дх6546+Дх6140+Дх1109+Дх5080+Дх6080, S.8438+S.12368+S.7269, and Дх9438 +Дх5513. There are 50 manuscripts of Shiwang Jing, and in addition to the manuscripts pieced together by previous scholars, 15 of them are pieced together into 4 groups, which are S.2489+S.10154, BD8066+S.4530, Дх3906+Дх3862+Дх501 and Дх6612B…Дх7919+Дх7960+Дх6612A+Дх6611B+Дх7909…Дх8062+Дх6611A. The reconstruction work has patched up the scattered fragments, and some of them now make up complete scrolls with complete beginnings and ends, such as the 7th group (S.2489+S.10154) and the 8th group (BD8066+S.4530), etc. Based on the more complete information provided by the reconstructed manuscripts, it is possible to correctly name these fragments. For instance, the two fragments Дх3862 and Дх501 in the 9th group, which were formerly identified as ″A Template of Yuanwen (Literature of Hope)″ and ″Buddhist Sūtra″ respectively, can now be pieced together with the fragment Дх3906 and re-identified as Yanluowang Shouji Jing (the Scripture on the Vyākarana of the Yamarāja) according to the title at the beginning of the reconstructed manuscript. This has also made it possible to correct the previous errors and the misidentifications of the recto and verso of the manuscripts. For example, two sets of fragments, Дх7909+Дх7919+Дх7960+Дх8062 and Дх6611+Дх6612R-V in the 10th group were wrongly patched and misidentified in Dunhuang Manuscripts in Russian Collections. The patching-up shows that the two fragments Дх6611 and Дх6612 are not the recto and verso of the manuscript, but the upper and lower parts of the same side. Therefore, the patching-up of the Dunhuang fragmentary manuscripts contributes to a better knowledge of these manuscripts and more objective, reliable judgments of their formats, contents and characteristics.

Mahāvaipulya Mahāsamghāta Sutra is a collection of Mahayana mahāsamghāta classics. It mainly interprets six paramitas and sunyata （emptiness） in Mahayana and has a strong feature of Esoteric Buddhism. This sutra was successively translated by Dharmaksema in the Northern Liang Dynasty， Narendrayasas in the Northern Qi Dynasty， Narenyasas in the Sui Dynasty and generations of other masters， and has been included in the sutra of all past dynasties. The edition consists of 60 volumes and 17 chapters in 'Taishopitaka. Almost each chapter has a different translation which has been handed down from ancient times． A systematic search shows that among all published Dunhuang literature， there are a total of 171 pieces of 'Mahāvaipulya Mahāsamghāta Sutra， including 44 in the National Library of China， 10 in la Bibliothèque nationale de France， 27 in the British Library， 75 in Institute of Oriental Manuscripts， the Russian Academy of Sciences， 5 in Gansu （including 2 in Gansu Provincial Museum and 3 in Dunhuang Research Academy）， 2 in Tianjin Art Museum （TAM）， 3 in Kyou Shoku， 2 in Nakamura Fuestsu， 1 in Annexe of Mitsui Library （AML）， 1 in Cathay Bookshop and 1 in the National Taiwan Library （NTL）. Compared with photocopies handed down from ancient times， these manuscripts retain more of the original version and are precious literature for the study of 'Mahāvaipulya Mahāsamghāta Sutra. Except 141 pieces in TAM （Volume 4）， 13 pieces in NTL， 76 pieces in TAM （Volume 27， corresponding to Volume 47 of 'Taishopitaka）， 25 pieces in AML （Volume 29， corresponding to Volume 48 of 'Taishopitaka） and 4 pieces in AML （Volume Ⅹ）， all of the remaining 167 pieces are fragments or remnants and are stored in different libraries， which causes difficulties for research. Among the fragments， quite a few are the pieces which were torn apart from the same manuscript. However， there is only one group which has been rejoined by 'Dunhuang Documents Collected by Russia. There is still a lot of work that needs to be done． According to the consistency of content， the mutual agreement of fragments， the same arrangement of thin black lines， similar writing styles or calligraphy and the same contents on the back， etc.， 38 fragments of 'Mahāvaipulya Mahāsamghāta Sutra can be rejoined together as 13 groups， i.e.， 1. BD9617 ... BD10846 ... BD6812+BD14825CF+BD14825BH; 2. BD7653 ... BD10843+BD11437 ... BD14825BA+BD10540+BD9856; 3. ДХ.6487+ДХ.8050 ... ДХ.18338; 4. ДХ.15327+ДХ.15362+ДХ.15227+ ДХ.12852; 5. BD9793+S.627 ... BD11119; 6. BD11137+ДХ.744 ... BD11017; 7. ДХ.10823A+ДХ.10823B; 8. （ДХ.8962+ДХ.8963）+ДХ.9091; 9. BD11123+BD7438; 10. ДХ.6369A+ДХ.6369B; 11. ДХ.6301+ДХ.6304; 12. ДХ.11332+ДХ.11360; 13. BD11202+BD10555.  Patching up the fragments of Dunhuang manuscripts is the basis for further research. By doing so， the original fragments can be reunited， and the wrong data can be corrected on BD9793， BD11119 and S627， etc. in 'Dunhuang Literature in the National Library of China or 'Dunhuang Literature in the British Library. This will pave the way for further denomination， division of periods and collation in the future．

The goal of the paper is to examine how the direct empirical grasping of individual things is linked with conceptual thought in William of Ockham's theory of human cognition. In Ockham's vocabulary， this comes down to discussing how what he calls ″intuitive acts″ is related with the inner language of thought （″oratio mentalis″） that he postulates.The central idea is that intuitive acts of cognition are treated as signs by Ockham and various passages of his works are scrutinized in order to bring out what the semantics is supposed to be for such special signs， a topic which has not yet been systematically studied in the relevant literature.Three points in particular are thus highlighted: （1） Ockham's causal approach to what intuitions signify; （2） the connection between intuitive acts and other kinds of singular mental terms; and （3） Ockham's commitment to the existence of semantically structured （or ″connotative″） intuitive acts of cognition.On the whole， this provides both for a new understanding of Ockham's mental language and for intriguing philosophical suggestions about the empirical grounding of propositional thought．

quinas' account of singular sensory and universal intellectual representation is crucial in one of his main arguments for the immateriality of the intellect. However， it had been challenged by Scotus， Ockham and Buridan.I argue that their objections to Aquinas' account are untenable. I also show that，contrary to what Robert Pasnau claims， Aquinas' argument does not have to commit “the content fallacy.” Finally， I explain why Buridan has to accept the main implication of Aquinas' argument， even though he actually rejects that implication．

EST (English for Science and Technology) in mainland China was initiated almost simultaneously with EST in the world as there was a strong demand for sharing the fruits of the development of international science and technology after its 10-year Cultural Revolution(1966—1976). It came under attack, however, from the policy-makers in teaching EFL（English as a Foreign Language）at tertiary level who denied the validity and necessity of EST and insisted that EGP(English for general purposes) instruction should be implemented for liberal education as well as for the improvement of undergraduates' English proficiency. They claimed that there was no difference between EST and EGP, except for terminologies and passive constructions which are used heavily in the former, and that good general English proficiency can well qualify students for their academic studies in English. Since the early 1990, EFL at tertiary level has been officially oriented towards EGP for almost 30 years. The consequence is that its homogeneity with teaching EGP at primary/secondary schools not only affects the undergraduates' learning motivation, but leads to the marginalization of EFL at tertiary level. And even worse, the lack of EST or EAP(English for academic purposes) instruction at tertiary institutions produces a generation of scientists who are neither able to read English literature in their disciplines nor able to write English research papers. With the exponential growth of international English-medium scientific journals both at home and abroad in recent years, it seems that there will be no hope for Chinese tertiary institutions to produce qualified undergraduates if they, unable to read and write in English, fail to keep updated with the developments of international research in their disciplines. This academic literacy is above all based on a good command of international scientific English (ISE), the variety of English used by scientists around the world, regardless of their linguistic and cultural background. It differs not only from EGP, but varies from discipline to discipline in terms of rhetorical structures and genre as well as language expression. Its command needs special training of EST or EAP.  It seems a puzzle, however, that foreign language policy makers still insist that EGP is more important than EST for university students, while the Chinese government makes ambitious plans for constructing world-class universities and requires that future scientists and researchers should be equipped with strong competitiveness in international contexts, More surprisingly, it is English for Business (EB), instead of EST, that is officially listed as a new discipline iby the Ministry of Education (MOE). It is estimated that EB has been offered either as a program or as a course in thousands of Chinese universities and colleges. The growing popularity it gains contrasts sharply with ESP/EAP as a marginal course. English as a lingual franca in the communities of science and technology and the challenge to China to build world-class universities and colleges highlight the need for the foreign language policy makers to reconsider the role of EST/EAP in EFL at tertiary level and to bring about a paradigm shift from EGP to ESP.

Industrial restructuring and upgrading plays an important role in meeting the needs of expanding domestic demand and sustaining medium-high economic growth under the background of new normal. As demanders and consumers, different age structure leads to different consumption structure, and then this change at individual level will accumulate and cause the changes of the entire social demand structure, thereby having different effect in industrial restructuring and upgrading. Nowadays, China's population age structure is undergoing dramatic changes, marked by low fertility rates, demographic dividend fading: the double stacking phenomenon of "aging" and "fewer-children". Reversely, changes in population age structure may force industrial restructuring through demand mechanism, thus, providing a new impetus to expand domestic demand and adjust industrial structure under the new normal. Based on the above logic, this paper systematically analyzes the impact of population age structure on industrial structure through the channel of consumption structure in terms of both theoretical and empirical aspects, and reveals its mechanism of action and presents the chain transitive relation between the three. Theoretical analysis and China's experience during the transition period show that population age structure plays a certain role in the upgrading of industrial structure through the channel of consumption structure. Sub-regional panel regression model is established using the data set from China's 30 provinces（including municipalities and autonomous regions）during 1995-2013, and our empirical tests show that consumption structure is an important intermediate variable through which population age structure affect the industrial structure. It is also found that there is a positive relationship between consumption structure and industrial structure. The decreasing child dependency ratio promotes the upgrade of consumption structure, thereby benefiting the upgrade of industrial structure. The rising elderly dependency ratio also promotes the upgrade of consumption structure, and helps upgrade the industrial structure. In addition, the demand effect of population age structure and its mechanism and strength on industrial structure show significant differences among three regions. The conclusions not only provides empirical explanation for the low level of China's consumption structure, industrial structure and the existence of their regional differentiation, but also have some policy implications as to how to expand domestic demand and upgrade the industrial structure with the changes of population age structure. Firstly, make full use of the optimization effect of the decreasing child dependency ratio on consumption structure, to promote industrial upgrading. Enhance children's consumption demand in the process of economic development and urbanization, and make children's consumption more multi-layered and diverse, meanwhile be aware of adverse effects on the upgrade of consumption structure and industrial structure caused by changes in birth policy. Secondly, promote the development of silver-haired industry which relies on service consumption bonus released by the rising elderly dependency ratio. Fully develop the domestic market and diversify consumer needs of elderly population, facilitate the positive interaction between consumption and production, and then stimulate the development of service industry and the upgrade of industrial structure. Thirdly, optimize the industrial regional transfer and industrial structure adjustment based on regional differences regarding population age structure and consumption structure.

Since the Reform and Opening-up， China has made significant progress in various fields of the rule of law. This article will provide a significant sample within the international comparative legal studies by reviewing the remarkable development of democracy and legal system， elaborating on the achievements and difficulties of legal reforms， and summarizing the experiences and lessons acquired from the legal development.  Based on the analysis of the reform route， principles and policies of the Chinese Communist Party and the practice under its leadership during the new period， the following four key factors contribute to the progress of China 's legal reform: first， the correct political objective of improving socialist democracy and legal system; second， the demand of social development and the driving force from the economic system reform — the determining factor; third， the globalization of economic and public affairs — the external challenge; fourth， people's growing awareness of democracy and the rule of law — the internal driver． Observing the ideology and strategic decision-making changes of the ruling party， the 38-year history of China 's legal reform and the rule of law development since the Reform and Opening-up can be divided into three phases: Phase Ⅰ: 1978—1996， symbolized by developing the ″Constitution″ （1982）， ″General Principles of Civil Law，″ ″Criminal Law，″ ″Criminal Procedure Law，″ this phase started a new voyage of China 's socialist legal system construction. The legalization and institutionalization of social governance has made primary progress through developing a series of important laws and promoting several rounds of democratic and legal reforms， rebuilding the social management order， protecting fundamental human rights and democracy， setting up the strategic objectives of establishing a socialist market oriented economic and legal system. Phase Ⅱ: 1997—2011， symbolized by building a socialist country under the rule of law as the fundamental strategy of governing. As China joined the WTO， unprecedented importance was attached to the rule of law， and in-depth legal reforms started with globalization. Legal values became important elements of the national spirit and image. The authority of law has been increasingly maintained and respected by the ruling party and state organs. Principles of the rule of law（such as protection of human rights， restrictions on public power， procedural fairness， etc.） were integrated into the legal system and law enforcement — the second leap from legal system construction to the rule of law construction has been achieved.  Phase Ⅲ: from 2012 to the present. The Party 's 18th Congress has made a comprehensive strategic plan to enhance the rule of law， the Third Plenary Session of 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party （CCP） has established the overall objectives of further comprehensive reforms as ″improving and developing the socialist system with Chinese characteristics， promoting modernization of the national governance system and governing ability，″ by taking the wisdom of the Party and the people， the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CCP progressively established the strategic objectives of ″constructing socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and building a socialist country under the rule of law，″ proposed scientific and systematic fundamental principles， work layouts， and key tasks of comprehensive improvements of the rule of law， which was the third major breakthrough and it opened up a new chapter in the contemporary history of the construction of a socialist country under the rule of law． Reviewing the historical stages and landmark achievements of China 's legal system reform， the following eight aspects of model characteristics， positive and negative experiences of China 's rule of law construction， can be summed up: First， from the perspective of the leadership system， the rule of law in China is the consultative rule of law based on the division of responsibilities among different institutions and departments and overall planning and cooperation among different regions under the leadership of the CCP. It eventually arrives at a consensus and common approach to achieve the development objectives set up by the People 's Congress System， the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference System， grassroots democratic institutions and the extensive internal discussion among the various departments， regions， social groups， and people under the leadership of the CCP. Second， from the perspective of implementation， the rule of law in China is top-down power-led. Benefited by this system， various reform measures are less influenced by traditional values， diverse social forces， complex interests， and therefore objectives can be achieved timely． Third， according to the perspective of cultural background， the rule of law in China is a hybrid in that the Chinese traditional legal culture was integrated with the Soviet and Western legal cultures. These legal cultures should be taken with a dialectical perspective and tolerance， guided by Marxism and the opening up policy in China 's reality， fully reflecting the spirit of the times and inheriting the historical wisdom. A socialist legal culture with Chinese characteristics will be constantly developed to adapt to the requirements of modernization． Fourth， from the perspective of the framework， the rule of law in China is an open system as it is featured by ″one country， two systems， three legal systems， four jurisdictions.″ Different political legal systems and ideas interact with each other in practice， which does not only make China a great laboratory for the globalization of law， but also brings a vivid sample of integration and convergence of legal systems to the world． Fifth， from the perspective of how institutions are established， the rule of law in China stresses rationalistic object programming. In the aspects of national economy and social development， there are the ″First-Five-Year-Plan″ and the ″Second-Five-Year-Plan，″ until the recent ″Thirteenth-Five-Year-Plan″; in the aspect of legal system construction， there are many detailed national five-year plans and annual plans on legislation， administration of justice， law enforcement and public legal education. This clearly indicates that the reform of the rule of law in China is not broken， non-constructive or aimless， but it is constructive under leadership and with planning． Sixth， from the perspective of system operation， the rule of law in China is the progressive rule of law with increasing difficulties and at a reasonable pace. Deng Xiaoping asserted that ″reform is the second revolution in China... our principle is to be bold， steady， proceed without plans beforehand.″ In practice， from central to local， from scientific legislation to judicial reforms， reform programs are carefully prepared to prevent risks and to gradually achieve the objectives． Seventh， from the perspective of performance evaluation， the rule of law in China focuses on practice and constantly tests ideas and summarizes experiences. The actual process of the reform of the rule of law is: constantly learning from experiments， seizing opportunities， adjusting， which relieved the contradiction between conservatism and innovation. This experimental approach can be vividly summarized as ″feeling the stones when crossing a river″; this is a prominent experience of both legal practice and governance． Eighth， from the perspective target value， the rule of law in China is ideological and pursues fairness， justice and social harmony. The strong and distinctive ideological feature of the rule of law in China is related to the 170-year modern history of impoverishment， and weak and very uneven economic and social development. Only socialism can save and develop China — this understanding of truth constitutes the background of the rule of law in China．

The philosophical foundation of China practical school of rule of law is practical philosophy， which is not limited to a specific kind， but a combination of rational elements in various types of practical philosophy. Many thoughts in the history of Western philosophy， such as Aristotle 's interpretation of the concepts of practice and phronesis（practical wisdom）， the theory of practical reason created in German classical philosophy， the practical logic of understanding emphasized by philosophical hermeneutics， and the ideals of action， effect and contingency highlighted by pragmatism in practical philosophy， all provide a solid philosophical foundation for the China practical school of rule of law to create a legal theory of its own. At the same time， the practical philosophy of Confucianism is the most important traditional component of the China practical school of rule of law， while Marx 's practical concept helps its fundamental reform in the way of philosophical thinking． Practice is a core concept of China practical school of rule of law. In human thinking history， people understand the practice in different ways， but it is undoubtedly a real academic concept and the philosophical thinking it has initiated is significant. The practical philosophy centered on the practice concept is fundamentally different from the theoretical philosophy， so it has become the basic premise for the China practical school of rule of law to construct its own theory. The concept of practice involves ontology， which will guide the reformation of the way of legal thinking; the concept involves morality， which will lead the rule of law practices to be human-centered; the concept involves creativity， which will invoke people 's activities in China 's rule of law practices. The concept of practice and its involvement in many dimensions provide a philosophical premise for the China practical school of rule of law to insist on the ″combination of knowledge and practice.″ Because of the importance of ontology， the concept of practice calls upon a practical world view. Therefore， the China practical school of rule of law must adhere to a basic stand of practical world view. The practical worldview is actually opposite to ″material″ world view， and proposes a criticism and retrospect to ″absolutism.″ It is against dogmatism and legalism in legal practices. The ontological stand of the practical world view does not regard ″practices″ as the world ontology similar to ″materials;″ it stresses， on the contrary， life practices and the ontological position of ″particularity″ and ″individuals，″ which is of great value for the China practical school of rule of law to create its own legal philosophy and form a practical view of rule of law. The dialectical nature of the practical world view， in fact， constitutes the philosophical basis for the actions of the China practical school of rule of law． Practice is an everlasting process， which internally requires phronesis. Both practice and practical wisdom lay a solid philosophical basis for the China practical school of rule of law. Moreover， they play a key role in creating China 's own legal theory. The phronesis is truly dialectical， which goes beyond the limitation of universalism， insists on the unity between the universal and the specific， and emphasizes the central position of ″specificity，″ thus providing an important philosophical basis for the construction of legal philosophy. To hold the stand of phronesis， we must take seriously the ″rule of man″ logic. This requires an active absorption of thinking in traditional Chinese legal culture. By scheming legal theory and practice from practices and phronesis， China 's legal study will usher in a revolution in its way of thinking.

An increasing number of literature indicates that the productivity of a country depends to a great degree on the efficiency of resource allocation, and that resource misallocation could give rise to a huge loss of TFP and hence a decrease in the gross output in the country. So does it to the development of a region. As we know，the factors of resources can be obtained either within a region and/or across regions, and misallocation can either occur inside the region or in the interaction with other regions. Therefore, how to rectify resource misallocation within and/or across regions is of enormous importance to regional as well as national economic development. However, the existing researches have only paid close attention to the current use of factor resources without engaging in a full discussion of China's resource misallocation from a regional perspective. Based on the theoretical framework of Hsieh and Klenow (2009)，this paper tries to distinguish two dimensions of the original measure of resource misallocation，i.e., within the region and/or across regions. This approach not only adds a different analytical perspective to the literature on regional economy，but also adds a regional perspective to the research on resource misallocation. A unified framework is built to quantitatively measure the resource misallocation within the region and/or across regions. The empirical study based on China's industrial enterprise database shows that there is serious resource misallocation in China as a whole，most of which is misallocation within provinces. In fact，the misallocation within provinces is far more serious than that between provinces. China's TFP could increase by 124-164% if the misallocations within provinces are eliminated，and 4-18% if the factor resources are properly reallocated. In terms of the efficiency of resource allocation within regions (provinces)，Zhejiang province has the optimal performance and its allocation efficiency is much higher than other provinces. The most serious level of distortion in resource allocation is found in Gansu province. The resource misallocation within and across regions shows a sustained downward trend from 1998 to 2007，and most provinces，except Xinjiang province，have improved their allocation efficiency over time. Another contribution of this paper is the application of System GMM to the analysis of the important factors that impact on the resource allocation. The empirical results show that the growth of financial market and the reform of ownership structure can reduce misallocation by effectively mitigating the discrimination between state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises and by redirecting resources toward enterprises with higher efficiency. The empirical results also show that government intervention and market segmentation would impede the free flowing of resources，resulting in the waste or inefficient use of resources，which significantly exacerbates misallocation. In spite of their lower productivity，China's state-owned enterprises can get capital and investment at a lower cost and enjoy more market protection than private firms. With lower barriers in the financial market and less government intervention，resource allocation will be significantly promoted. Following the reforms of the household registration system，there has been greater labor mobility in China. However，due to inadequate protection of laborers' rights，low standards of work safety and absence of the welfare system, more labor mobility has not led to significant improvements in resource allocation. Moreover，the limitations in the modes of export and investment promotion have prevented FDI and foreign trade (exports and imports) from playing a significant role in reducing misallocation.

The development of industry convergence can create integrated innovation， and it is an essential way for economic development driving force to transit from factor-driven and investment-driven stage to innovation-driven stage. And， synergy and co-agglomeration of industries（hereinafter referred to as SCI） is the spatial platform for industry convergence to happen in practice. Nowadays， it is an important trend to improve the city productivity and competitiveness， and a critical approach to optimize the industrial spatial distribution and promote the economic structure transition by forming SCI in limited space and promoting its level． By constructing the general analysis framework， this paper systematically examines the mechanism of cities’ productivity improvement based on SCI under the background of integrated innovation and conversion of driving force for economic development in China. SCI has ″Industry″ and ″Space″ dual character. On the one hand， the SCI can create innovation through labor specialization and technical externality， which lead to the improvement of cities’ labor productivity， and it is the channel to realize the conversion of development driving force; on the other hand， the SCI and city spatial structure mutually reinforce and generate circular cumulative causation under the effect of transportation costs and ″face-to-face″ contact needs. Therefore， this paper builds a bridge between the SCI and the improvement of city productivity theoretically， and provides a theoretical basis for promoting the level of SCI by adjusting the cities’ spatial structure． This paper mainly investigates the productivity improvement effect and the spatial spillover effect of SCI on cities’ labor productivity by utilizing the modified E-G index. A spatial econometric analysis across 240 Chinese cities in the year of 2004—2012 shows that SCI has a positive impact on higher productivity in these cities， and neighboring cities’ productivity improvement also has a positive impact on local cities. However， the positive relationship between co-agglomeration and productivity shows regional disparity and industrial heterogeneity. Results indicate that the productivity improvement of Central and Western regions is mainly investment-driven， while Eastern region is transforming from factor-driven and investment-driven stage to innovation-driven stage. The productivity improvement effect is not identical to all industries. The coefficient shows magnitude difference in response to the level of SCI. Thus， the development of industry requires more refined and differentiated policies according to the regional disparity and industrial heterogeneity of productivity improvement effect. Specifically， cities in eastern region should deepen the industrial division and promote industrial integration， especially the synergy and co-agglomeration among different industries of producer services. By contrast， cities in central and western regions should promote the prolongation of industrial chain both horizontally and vertically， avoid homogeneous competition and optimize the industrial structure by taking advantage of leading industries． Moreover， the spatial spillover effect of SCI on cities’ labor productivity diminishes along with the increase of physical distance under the influence of transportation costs and ″face-to-face″ contact needs. The strongest spatial spillover effect works within a distance of 300 kilometers and diminishes significantly after 750 kilometers. Therefore， policy implications for current Chinese regional development strategies may be drawn from this analysis. Industry guidance should break through administrative division restrictions and distribute industrial elements reasonably under the implementation of urban integration. Strengthening infrastructure construction and improving the infrastructure capacity， especially intercity transport infrastructure construction and capacity improvement， in order to promote the free flow of industrial elements in a wider space and reshape the spatial pattern of economic connection， to encourage mutually beneficial interactions between neighboring cities by utilizing positive externality （economy of scale and knowledge spillover） of urban integration to decrease the negative externality （crowding effect） of single city．

Solid waste management is a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world, especially in the rapidly growing cities of developing countries. As the largest developing country, rapid economic development, rising urbanized population and changed life style have substantially accelerated the volume of municipal solid waste in China. Recently, the concept of social capital has been successfully incorporated in the discussion on the interactions between society, economy and environment. It has gradually been a focal point of environmental management, which involves facilitating collective action via the cultivation of social capital. This paper extends the previous research by investigating the influence mechanism of social capital on the behavior of household waste separation through correlation analysis and econometric analysis. Household waste separation is a critical component of a successful integrated waste management, which has been playing an important role in waste reduction, resource utilization and hazardous waste disposal in developed countries. As accomplishing an effective solid waste management system has become a priority for the governments of all cities in China in the years to come, source separation of solid waste has been promoted as the key measure in waste management. Based on the household survey data, the empirical result shows that social capital exerts a significantly positive impact on the behavior of household waste separation. Tight social networks can reduce the opportunism and free-riding behavior of residents; the reward and punishment mechanism of social norms can effectively improve the predictability of other residents’ behavior, enhancing the confidence of residents in collective action of environmental protection; the self-reinforcement and accumulation of social trust has the strongest effect on the promotion of the behavior of the household waste separation. Meanwhile, householders’ age, education level, and party membership significantly activate the behavior of household waste separation. To resolve the issue of cities being besieged by solid waste, special attention should be given to the role of social capital in facilitating households’ collective action for solid waste management. However, it is worth noting that social capital in one community cannot be fostered automatically, and it is necessary to expand social networks of residents, to promote the trust among residents, and to cultivate the social norms. In addition, it is important to enhance the publicity of the knowledge of household waste separation and the exemplary role of communist party members.

The government is an important institutional arrangement to prompt economic and social development, safeguard social justice and realize social value. Along with the market-oriented economic reform in 1970s in China, a series of reforms of the administrative system related to the function transformation, power operation, personnel management, decentralization, performance management has carried out. Government functions reflect government 's responsibilities in public domain and should be adapted to the changes of economic system. Therefore, the transformation of government functions had become the main line of the administrative reform． Based on Kast 's organizational change process model, the paper organizes the literature related to the transformation of government functions from four respects: environment, planning, performance evaluation and implementation path. Firstly, the environment reflects the adaptive relationship between the government transformation and the environment, focusing on why to change and which factors matter. Secondly, the planning reflects the goal which could be used to define the boundaries of action. It reflects the environment and guides the realization of the transformation. Thirdly, performance evaluation involves the evaluation of the results of the transformation of government functions, which includes analyzing the disadvantage for further optimization. Fourthly, implementation path should put forward improving schemes regarding the relevant internal optimization strategy and external security mechanisms based on the ongoing performance of the transformation of government functions. The related literatures echo general rules of the reforms of the administrative system as well as organizational change. The progress and consensus are as follows: Firstly, the transformation of government functions is the inner requirement of the market economic system reform. It should be adjusted and improved with time, comprehensively considering the starting point and goal of the economic restructuring as well as the market economic growth situation. The transformation of government functions that accompanies the market economic system reform is affected by a number of factors. There are two kinds of views for the division of the influence factors. Secondly, the framework for government management paradigm transformation, which is centered around service-oriented government, has been established. This framework is also the objective of the present reforms of administrative system. service-oriented government has the internal consistency with the governance modernization and its ultimate objective is to build a function system with rational allocation, smooth relations and symmetrical responsibilities. Thirdly, despite of the difficulty on functions definition and standard design, it has been proved that the introduction of the performance evaluation tools help to describe the effect of the transformation of government functions more accurately. Fourthly, the optimization of internal strategy focuses on the institution, authority, organization and personnel, while the core of the external security mechanisms is to further optimize the distribution of administrative resources and the promotion of the ″ government-market -society″ polycentric governance pattern. Based on the existing literatures, further research could be put forward from the following aspects:（1） The theoretical system and operating mechanism of the transformation of government functions. The existing literatures mainly concerned the dominant elements within the government. Compared with the latest progress in the field of organizational change, little attention was paid to the underlying culture of change. And further research should be put forward to the interaction between the economic reform and the transformation of government functions. (2) The performance and its influencing factors of the transformation of government functions. It is necessary to develop measurement tools with high reliability and validity and to introduce the existing achievements of performance evaluation regarding organizational change to the field of the transformation of government functions. Ways of performance evaluation based on the assessment of public satisfaction should also be explored to highlight the driving role of the public. Meanwhile, it is important to analyze the effectiveness and the reasons of changes, and to explore the distribution and rule of the influence path. (3) The comparison of the case of the transformation of government functions. With more attention to the comparative analysis of practical cases, relationship between the transformation of government functions and democracy-building should be emphasized on to improve relevant internal optimization strategy and external security mechanisms, which reflects the need of market economy building and democratic political construction.