In February 4th, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, who became a famous geneticist later, gave a speech with the title of Daedalus, or Science and the Future in Cambridge University. ‘Daedalus’ in the speech title is the name of a magical craftsman who built the magnificent palace for King Minos according to Greek mythology. With the analogy between the fate of Daedalus and the influence of science, Haldane proposed that on the one hand science would challenge the traditional morality; on the other hand it would benefit human beings. This bold prophecy for the development of science caused a stir at that time. Especially in the field of bio-science, quite a few topics being in contradiction with traditional morals were brought out, such as hallucinogen’s clinical application, asexual reproduction, gender transformation, external fertilization, putting chemical knowledge into use in food production, taking medicine to enhance courage and endurance, promoting nation’s characteristics by reproduction selection, prolonging female’s youth by chemical compounds, suppressing the evil nature of human through physiology instead of jail punishment. Furthermore, the possibility of euthanasia and splice were implied. In the next year, the philosopher Bertrand Russell gave a critical response. In Icarus, or the Future of Science, he warned that the misuse of science by human beings would lead to a destructive disaster. Icarus is the son of Daedalus, who dreamed that he would fly with the wings created by his father but ended up being drown in the sea. In particularly, Russell expressed his worries about the inappropriate use of life science in society, which includes the abuse of planned parenthood and eugenics, and the prospect of psychology serving for an evil government. Hereby he wrote: “Icarus, having been taught to fly by his father Daedalus, was destroyed by his rashness. I fear that the same fate may overtake the populations whom modern men of science have taught to fly.” In February 14th 1923, exactly 10 days after Haldane’s Cambridge speech, Zhang Junmai’s lecture “View of Life” at Tsinghua University signaled that the important debate in Chinese ideological history was launched. Both of the two debates, which happened to occur in England and in China at appropriately the same time, can be analyzed in terms of broader culture background. The controversy between Florence and Padova in Renaissance, and the debate between Arnold and Huxley in Victorian period, as well as the division made by H. Rickert between “the historical-cultural science and the natural science”, are all the antecedents of the famous argument forwarded by C. P. Snow. Even though both of the main characters of the two sides in the ‘Debate of Science and Metaphysics’ in China had a strong background of western education, there is no hint showing that they had been influenced by the controversy between Haldane and Russell. The simultaneity of the two events could be easily explained through their different social-cultural atmosphere. In the west, the unprecedented catastrophe of the First World War made intellectuals re-examine the negative influence brought by the uncontrolled desire of people for wealth and power. In China, the intellectuals under the flag of May 4th Movement regarded science as the almighty tool of saving the people and the country, with no tolerance of any doubt about the function of science. It is the fact that Russell visited China right before the start of the ‘Debate of Science and Metaphysics’. From the course of his visit, including lots of meetings and activities, it can be seen that the two camps of Science and Metaphysics were formed. At the same time, it is not hard to understand that many arguments addressed by Russell in Icarus are corresponding with the views held by the Metaphysics school.

Starting with 17-18th European countries, the Enlightenment was generally acknowledged as the flowering of modernity in world history. This intellectual movement swept away ignorance and superstition in human intellectual world and social life, launched dramatic revolution in social institutions and political orders, ushered in new notions and ideals that help people to perceive the world and humanity itself differently, and inspired new possibilities of human life. Since the end of the nineteen century, enlightenment, salvation, revolution and reformation had made up different themes in the process of Chinese modernity. The New Cultural Movement at the beginning of twentieth century culminated historically in Chinese version enlightenment, and led up to a political upheaval of modern Chinese revolution as well as a powerful spur to China’s modernization. It seems that the enlightenment always brings about profound social and political revolution. But the connotation embedded in the themes and missions of the enlightenment comes more than just that. A full comprehension of the enlightenment requires a further look into its relationships with revolution and rationality, and its generality and individuality, and its relationships with ideology, etc. The Enlightenment in different countries at different periods of time bears both similarity and diversity. And the Enlightenment grows and strengthens itself via struggle with dominant ideology. However, the two may gradually converge in their views with the progress of the Enlightenment and the development of individual rationality. Thus, a comprehensive and pluralistic view should be adopted when it comes to the comprehension of the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment is undoubtedly a part of modern history, but its peculiarities distinguish itself from rest of this history. In the same way, Chinese enlightenment is an important part of the world enlightenment while holding its unique mission. Thus, a comprehensive, objective and fair appraisal on Chinese enlightenment is required and any prejudice should be avoided. Lessons and experiences from Chinese and western enlightenments are mutually beneficial. Thus, the Chinese enlightenment should be investigated against the backdrop of the human civil history as a whole. At the end of nineteenth century, Chinese people perceived modernity, enlightenment and revolution negatively. But in contemporary China, when revolution has accomplished its historical mission, enlightenment , however, will continue to guide the on-going reform. For the sake of its success, a new enlightenment movement needs to start again. And this is the exact reason why we now need to reconsider the relationship between enlightenment and revolution.

By using literature analysis to study the historical materials and scholars in this field, combined with some relevant archaeological discoveries to support our views, this paper answers an important but controversial question in the literary and historical studies of Tang Dynasty. Since the 20th century, due to the significance of the research on Suyab of Tang Dynasty and the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi , and the relationship between Suyab and Li Bai, much controversy in the academic community of Suyab of Tang Dynasty and the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi has arisen. These pendent issues include the problems about the number of towns named Suyab, their locations, when the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi were established, when and how many times they were respectively established or abandoned, and which one of Yanqi and Suyab was established earlier, etc. The fact that the relevant documents are not clear enough and that the ancient scholars' understandings are different lead to the diverse views of contemporary scholars and the pendant problems. This paper makes a literature review of the last century, combined with the archaeological findings along the Suyab River from 1900s to 1980s, and concluded that today's Ak-Beshim site, 8km southwest from Tokmok in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, is the right site of Suyab, one of the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi in Tang Dynasty. Meanwhile, due to the lack of solid evidence, new historical materials, and adequate knowledge of the political and military circumstances of Tang Dynasty, the arguments for “Two Suyabs” or “Four Suyabs” in the last twenty years of 20th century and the first ten years of this century are untenable. At the same time, there are arguments about the establishment, abandonment, alternation and many other aspects of Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi, for example, they were abandoned or reestablished for three times, four times, five times and six times. After sorting out relevant documents, this paper has identified three periods of establishment and abandonment based on the degree of determination to present a comparatively clear picture of the relevant issues. Firstly, the identified periods are: abandoned in 670 A.D., reestablished in 679 A.D.; abandoned in A.D.685, and reestablished in A.D.692. Secondly, the roughly identified periods are respectively: reestablished in A.D.658, and abandoned in A.D.678. Thirdly, the first established time of Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi was in 648 A.D., and the first abandonment time was in 651 A.D. Moreover, there was a reestablishment effort at least in the late 675 A.D. The Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi were abandoned thoroughly after the rebellion of “An-Shi” (An Lushan and Shi Siming, two rebel generals in High Tang Dynasty). During the five establishments and abandonments, Suyab and Yanqi were replaced by each other twice: Firstly, there was Yanqi in the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi without Suyab, but was replaced by Suyab in 679 A.D.. Secondly, Suyab was in the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of An Xi for forty years from 692 A.D. to 719 A.D., but it was replaced by Yanqi in719 A.D. due to the request by Tang Jiahui, the military commander of the Four Garrisons of Du Hu Fu of AnXi.

″Re-painting the literary map of China″ captures Chinese literature and culture at three levels: first, the internal-external correspondence at the spiritual level, or the interplay between individual experience and the contemporary proposition|second, the refined-popular interaction at the cultural level, or the interaction and complementation between academic research and folk wisdom, and third, the multiple re-combinations of cross-regional ethnic cultures, or the cross-impacts between and integration of the culture of the central plains and those of the border areas and minority groups.  The over two thousand books on the history of Chinese literature have three weak points: first, they are about the literary history of the Han nationality, not that of the minority groups. Second, they focus on written rather than verbal resources. Third, they do not dig deep enough into the profound implications of our culture. The Chinese nation has exuberant vitality and stamina. One of the main reasons for this is that the complementation of the mainstream Confucianism with Daoism and Buddhism results in a solid and deep-rooted cultural and psychological foundation. A more important reason is that we not only have the Yellow River civilization, but also the Yangtze River civilization, which gives us a lot of room for maneuver in the competition for existence. ″Mapping″ as a methodology enables us to better know the character, journey and future of Chinese culture, and this knowledge of the human geography of China will bring us a clearer vision of the facts and fiction, the ups and downs, and the past, present and future of literature, culture and civilization. The outcome of the multiple origins of Chinese civilization was the interaction between the South and the North — the cohesiveness of the central plains and the vitality of the borders integrated into an immense tension system and moved the wheels of the Chinese nation across the broad expansions of its land. The three levels of Chinese civilization, i.e., the trail-blazers in the civilization in the central plains, the interaction between the southern and northern civilizations and the competition of the less developed border cultures integrated into a virtuous tension structure which motivated the development of Chinese civilization. The Chinese nation thus formed a compound dynamic mechanism of ″central cohesiveness and border vitality.″ The proposition of the family is a substantive one — it is real and charismatic. Discussing ancient Chinese literature without mention of the concept of ″family″ is often inadequate, because the family involves not just issues of blood and money, but also cultural transmission. Literary families had abundant cultural power and resources at their disposal and, with their marriages and circles of friends, they deeply imprinted their regional cultures. To restore the integrity of the Chinese literary maps, spatial dimensions must be added to the temporal dimensions. As a methodology, the map is rooted in the macro literary concept. The ″macro literary concept″ emphasizes the spatial characteristic of literature, which is of course dynamic space, within which the birth of literature, the features of culture and the life of civilization are unfolded.

Since the crisis of the welfare state, the functions of the philanthropic sector in the welfare state have not been comprehensively and systematically discussed. The welfare pluralists regard the philanthropic sector as a partner of the government, hoping that the government will entrust the philanthropic sector with public service provision to reduce the financial burden of the welfare state and promote the performance of public service provision. However, the neo-liberalists believe that the welfare pluralists'position in the philanthropic sector will compel it to rely on the financing from the government and make it lose its independence. Thus, they think it is better to solve the problem of welfare provision via marketization and let the philanthropic sector play its role beyond the public affairs.  By analyzing the debate between welfare pluralism and neo-liberalism, we find that, on one hand, it is difficult for the philanthropic sector to conduct activities relying solely on the private donations. Since the public-private partnership and collaborative governance have been widely accepted among the welfare states, the government has retained a major responsibility for financing welfare, while the philanthropic sector has taken over much of the delivery. On the other hand, owing to the increasingly diversified fund resources, the philanthropic sector is continuously expanding its range of voluntary services. In the areas of the representation of the minority, the satisfaction for citizens' spiritual needs and the provision of vocational skills training, the philanthropic sector has played a vital role that can hardly be replaced by the welfare state. Therefore, in the transition of the welfare state, neither can the welfare pluralists nor the neo-liberalists deny the functions of the philanthropic sector in promoting the performance of public service provision and in complementing the structure of social welfare. Apart from its functions as provider of public and voluntary services, the philanthropic sector is also supposed to serve as a vehicle for people to express their moral visions and as a progressive force for an enlightened and equitable social policy. Since the government is not expected to be its own critics or only source of change, the advocacy role and civic role of the philanthropic sector are clearly essential in democratic societies. In addition, the participation of the philanthropic sector in the public service provision will promote the administrative democracy in the welfare state. It is believed that the future of free and democratic societies is directly linked with the vitality of the philanthropic sector in those societies.  With the accelerating pace of economic globalization, the global mobility of goods and production factors has dramatically changed the economic structure of the welfare state, and the myth of full employment has gradually been replaced by structural unemployment. Fortunately, the rise of the modern philanthropic sector, especially the emergence of social enterprise in recent years, has created considerable job opportunities for the unemployed. Furthermore, since the philanthropic sector is more flexible in the decision-making process, it usually takes actions more quickly than the government in providing international aid. Many philanthropic organizations also make efforts in the elimination of discrimination and the spread of democracy in less developed countries. The global financial crisis in 2008 has resulted in the reduction of government financial support and individuals' private donations, and in the meantime the philanthropic sector is stepping up its pace to seek cooperation with the market sector to ease the shortage of funds. Moreover, the ″new frontiers of philanthropy,″ which is characterized by the convergence between for-profit and nonprofit, focuses on social and financial returns and seeks to build self-sustainin systems that bring permanent solutions.

The provision of public goods in rural areas, which is a typical collective action of villagers, not only impacts farm households’ income but is also closely related to the rural governance structure. Maintaining and encouraging villagers’ participation in village elections and public affairs are very important to rural economic development and to the healthy growth of the village autonomy system as well. Since the implementation of the election system of villagers’ committee in China, a number of studies have been conducted with regard to the relationship between rural elections and public goods provision, and some of them have examined the determinants of villagers’ participation in this system. However, most existing studies have failed to distinguish between different electoral behaviors of villagers during the complex election process; neither have they made compelling arguments for the dynamic mechanism of villagers’ diverse motivations for voting behaviors. Besides, still fewer studies conducted large-scale field surveys to collect first-hand data. Most of the current researches are only involved in theoretical analyses and/or case studies, leading to lack of reliable evidence for their arguments. Unlike the previous researches, this paper fills the gap in the existing literature by applying Hiresman’s Exit-Voice Theory to the objective comparison between the voting behaviors of villagers and their preferences for public goods with the first-hand data collected from 1981 samples of rural households in 10 provinces across China. In addition, it empirically tests the impacts of villagers’ preferences for and satisfaction with various public goods on their voting behavior, further identifying the factors that affect the voters’ participation in elections. The empirical results suggest that: (1) villagers will participate in the village elections if they have demands for public goods, otherwise the probability of “exiting” from the election increases significantly; (2) different villagers have different potential demands for public goods, and will exhibit corresponding voting behaviors to express their interest demands; (3) sources of personal income, level of education and village size have significant impacts on villagers’ participation in the elections, although these impacts vary among different groups. This paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the impact of villagers’ satisfaction with public goods supply on their opinions and behaviors as exhibited in their participation in village governance. The first-hand data was collected between July, 2010 and July, 2011 in 100 villages covering 10 provinces, namely, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Hainan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Guizhou. The second contribution of this paper is the Exit-Voice-Theory-based comparative analysis of voting behavior by dividing the voters into groups with different behavioral characteristics, thus effectively reducing the risk of estimation bias.

China has spent enormous expenditure on health care since the new health-care reform. However， the standard of the investment target， about which the world has not reached a consensus， is not scientific. Aiming at promoting the population health, rather than increasing economic growth， this study builds a health production function based on infant mortality and average life expectancy at birth with the consideration of the influence of health care， socioeconomic status， environment and lifestyle， politics and aging. This study adopts respectively the static panel model and the dynamic model to verify public health expenditure's significant impact on health outcome by use of a panel data about 189 countries from 1995 to 2011, issued by the World Bank. Then, this study applies the panel threshold model to conduct a threshold effect test on the impact of the ratio of public health expenditure to GDP upon health outcome and investigates the threshold value. Finally， based on the threshold value and the dynamic model， a regression analysis is made to evaluate to what degree the expenditure on public health has improved the health outcome， and research the possible boundaries of maximizing health outcome on the condition of a given budget.  This study discovers that: （1） the proportion of public health spending in GDP has threshold effect on health outcome， and the threshold value is 1.9% and 62%; （2） the piecewise regression of the health production function shows that the impact is not significant when the proportion of public health spending in GDP is under 1.9%， which means that scale effect occurs only when it is up to 1.9%. When the proportion is above 6.62%， the elasticity coefficient begins dropping and then maintains stable. The marginal effect happens. These two findings show that the public health input has scale effect and limit effect on health outcome separately; （3） the primary health care plays an active and significant role when the proportion of the public health spending in GDP is under 1.9% and only when the proportion is above 1.9%， the operation of health system can be effective; （4） the type of political system has threshold effect on health outcome similarly. The more democratic the political system is， the better the governance is and the more attention is paid to people's livelihood， and then the public health is much more improved; （5） Although China has limit public health scale and better health outcome， it results from the rapid growth of the total health expenditure supported by individual cash outlay. To reduce individual's financial risk， China should keep expanding the proportion of the public health expenditure and take 6.62% as a stage goal to decrease individual financial risk． There are two contributions of this study. First, the empirical test on the public health expenditure conducted by use of bid data discovers the threshold effect of the public health expenditure on health outcome and calculates the threshold value and estimates the minimum elastic coefficient correspondingly， which contributes to define the government's investment scale on public health. Second， this study proves that the effect of primary health care and the effective operation of health system on health outcome is dependent on the scale of government investment， which may urge the policy recommendations about health resource allocation priority choice． This study also has limitations. Due to the limited data, this study uses only health outcome as final indicator to evaluate health performance. And this study only discusses the input scale without involve the operation mechanism of health care system, which will be an important direction in the future research.

This interview examines a recent study on Dependency Distance （length） Minimization， introduces earlier works on and the significance of this topic． Dependency distance， or， dependency length， is taken as an insightful metric of syntactic complexity in the framework of dependency grammar （DG）. According to dependency grammar， the syntactic structure of a sentence consists of nothing but dependencies between individual words-an assumption that is widely accepted not only in computational linguistics but also in theoretical linguistics. A dependency relation has the following core properties: it is a binary relation between two linguistic units; it is usually asymmetrical， with one of the two units acting as the governor and the other as dependent; it is classified in terms of a range of general grammatical relations， as shown conventionally by a label on top of the arc linking the two units. Sentences are linearly unfolded， and as a result， the governor and the dependent may or may not be adjacent. That is， there may be different linear distances between governors and dependents. This linear distance is termed as dependency distance （length）， usually measured by the number of the intervening words between them， which is believed to have much to do with parsing （processing） difficulty． In terms of dependency grammar （DG）， the syntactic parsing of a sentence is based on successive input of individual words， committed to establishing， at each parsing state， syntactic relation between the presently processed word and a previous one. As a cognitive activity， syntactic parsing is complemented via working memory， on which different burdens may be imposed by different dependency distances: the intervening words may either strain the capacity the WM or result in， owing to time-decay of memory， difficult retrieval of a previous word. Hence， longer dependency distance， or more intervening words， probably means more syntactic complexity and higher cognitive cost in processing.  Given the cognitive possibility that dependency distance positively correlates with syntactic complexity and processing difficulty， it may be assumed that human languages， which are definitely constrained by general cognitive mechanisms， should prefer structures with short dependency distances for the sake of less demand on working memory resources. This tendency is termed as Dependency Distance Minimization （DDM）: in natural languages， a sentence should be structured in such a way so as to minimize its overall dependency distance syntactically related words in this sentence. The DDM hypothesis is presumed as one possible linguistic universal motivated by general human cognition． Obviously， the hypothesis of DDM is deduced from the cognitive assumption that working memory is limited in capacity and subject to time-invoked forgetting. Thus the validity of this hypothesis should be empirically tested. Evidences in support of the preference for short dependency distance were first found in comprehension experiments on different types of relative clauses （RC）. However， due to the high cost and laboriously careful design， the experiments are usually conducted upon a small number of subjects and a limited range of artificially composed linguistic material. Therefore， when it comes to language universals like DDM， large corpus-based quantitative study may serve as a significant supplement to psychological experiments， especially in this big data era. Verbal communication is by nature a type of human behavior which is regulated， to a considerable degree， by human cognition. That is， there might well be some cognition-shaped patterns or universals in language. With the development of computer science， big-data-based statistical analysis has become one important means to detect patterns in various human behaviors. In this sense， large-scale corpus， which gives researchers easy access to big data of verbal behaviors， may contribute much to scientific linguistic researches that aim to detect linguistic patterns and to trace their cognitive motivations. In other words， if DDM is a general cognition-shaped tendency in language， corpus-based big-data analysis should be able to detect this tendency. What is noticeable is that investigation into DDM demands a dependency treebank， that is， corpus annotated with syntactic relations between words， because DD is concerned with the linear length of the syntactic relations between words． This interview briefly reviews the cognitive DDM researches based on corpus-data and comments on some existent problems and future directions in this field. In the past， linguistic universals were rarely considered in terms of cognitive constraints and seldom pursued through corpus-based big-data analysis. However， as expounded in this interview， researches into DDM in human languages reveal that it is valuable to cognitively investigate linguistic universals through statistical analysis of big-language-data， which strongly suggests that， to obtain truly scientific discoveries， it may well be essential for linguistic studies to integrate efforts from multiple disciplines—cognitive science， mathematics， physics and biology， to name just a few.

The centennial studies of Virginia Woolf's theory of fiction display an obvious confrontation among different critical stances in the 20th century. The Anglo-American criticism witnesses five major research phases. Firstly, in the 1920s, Woolf's experimental characterization was challenged its appropriateness by Arnold Bennett, one of the most popular novelists at that time, and the ten-year-long controversy between Woolf and Bennett indicates an academic contention between the long-lasting Neoclassic mimetic theory and the Romantic organic theory praised highly by Woolf and the Bloomsbury group. Secondly, in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, Woolf's critical essays were severely criticized by Louis Kronenberger, F. R. Leavis, Horace Gregory, Diana Trilling, Mark Schorer and other professional scholars for its lack of intellectual analysis and appropriate moral sense, or for its neglect of reality, or for its subjective mode, which signifies the Anglo-American new-critical denial of Woolf's artistic criticism as it was regarded similar to Walter Pater's impressionist criticism. Thirdly, in the 1960s and 1970s, French critic Jean Guiguet disclosed Woolf's criticism to be a unification of reading, criticism and creation in nature, her critical features as intuition, integrity and pleasure, and her critical thought originating in the Romantic theories of S. T. Coleridge and John Keats, which fully affirmed the value of Woolf's theory of fiction. Guiguet's positive comments received affirmative response in British academic circles, as critics, such as Mark Goldman, A. Fothergill and V. L. Sharma, acknowledged the value of Woolf's common reader critical position, and revealed respectively the core of Woolf's critical theory to be her attempt to reach a creative balance between reason and emotion, sense and sensibility, the individual critic and the impersonal method (via media), or to be her historical conception of reality, or to be her theory of androgyny. Based on a sharp critique of new-critical bias and an insightful French critical vision, these articles and monopolies initiated an intrinsic exploration of Woolf's theory itself with the decline of Anglo-American new criticism. Fourthly, in the 1980s, Rene Wellek's and Elizabeth C. Madison's overall reviews of Woolf's criticism represented a comprehensive acceptance of Woolf's common reader position and her ground rules postulated for criticism, yet apart from a summary of Woolf's distinguished critical approach and its difference from British formal criticism, its value was still unclear. Fifthly, in and after the 1990s, a feminist and postmodern reading of Woolf's essays turned out to be the focus of the study, Pamela L. Caughie further explored the significance of Woolf's common reader from postmodern perspective, pointing out its aesthetic and self-reflexive qualities, while Hermione Lee emphasized its essence of dialogue between readers and writers. In general, the centennial Anglo-American studies display a change of attitudes of the professional seeking-fault criticism to Woolf's artistic seeking-beauty criticism, from denial and repudiation to gradual approval and acceptance. In these phases, critics refute or partially accept Woolf's critical viewpoints and methods from the perspectives of their pre-postulated theories, such as neoclassic mimetic theory, new criticism, feminism, postmodernism, yet most critics could hardly enter into the realm of Woolf's theory of fiction without theoretical prejudices and limitations, while French critic Guiguet is an exception, who traced back to the origins of Woolf's criticism, and threw light on her original ideas and their value, which turned out to be the enlightening source of the later researches. Chinese criticism initiated from the late 1980s, Qu Shijing, Gao Fen, and other critics uncovered the significance, essence and value of Woolf's theory of fiction from the perspectives of society, history, creation, form, state of mind, etc, presenting a supplementary research to the Anglo-American one. Gao Fen published about 10 articles, disclosing the significance of Woolf's poetics as follows: it defines literature in essence as an artistic form to record life, reality as a unity of spirit and object, conception as an organic imaginative process, criticism as an aesthetic experience from perspective to perception, constituent of literature as emotions and thoughts, form as artistic expression of emotions and thoughts, truth as a synthesis of that of facts, imagination and inner life, artistic state as that of object, emotion and image, characterized with transcendence and pointing at the invisible essence of life. It's quintessence is identical with that of Chinese poetic ideas, such as Xujing, Shensi, Zhiyin, Miaowu, Quwei, Wenzhi, Zhenhuan, Yijing, etc. The significance of Woolf's poetics is that it breaks through the limits of human rationality and cognition, and reaches a world of unity with human beings and the Great nature being one.

The Internet, as a chance element in the entrepreneurial practice and studies, appears to be increasingly important under the background of transition dilemma of traditional enterprises and "Internet Plus" actions on the national level. However, the current entrepreneurship studies lack attention to the Internet context on both micro and macro levels. This paper systematically reviews the entrepreneurial actions under the current Internet context and attempts to answer the three related questions as follows: 1. What progress has been made so far in the studies of entrepreneurship in the Internet context? 2. What new features do those entrepreneurial activities show? 3. What is the relationship between the studies of entrepreneurship in the Internet context and the traditional studies? To answer these questions, we selected 25 essays related both to the Internet context and to entrepreneur studies after secondary research, analysis and filtering based on articles published in six high-impact business journals during 2009-2015. Through content analysis, we categorized the current studies of entrepreneurship in the Internet context into three subjects: start-up financing under crowdfunding mode, international entrepreneurship against the background of e-commerce, and entrepreneurial communication under the new social media context. Next, we analyze and summarize the research background, the theoretical developments and the empirical results of each subject. As far as research progress is concerned, the first subject, start-up financing of the crowdfunding mode, mainly focuses on the concept connotation, the influential factors and the decision process of crowdfunding; the second subject, the international start-ups against the background of e-commerce is mainly based on key factors of traditional studies and studies the relationships between international entrepreneurship and the enterprise-related Internet resources and capacity; and the third subject, entrepreneurial communication under the new social media context, explores the characteristics and effectiveness of online communication as well as the relationship between effect reasoning cognition in communication and opportunity identification and development. In terms of their characteristics, entrepreneurial activities in the Internet context are characterized by openness, boundlessness and strong interaction, which are different from those of traditional entrepreneurship. In terms of the research background, scholars focus on online context partly because offline context needs to be expanded to online context in study, and partly because the theoretical assumptions of entrepreneurship have been challenged in the Internet context. Therefore, the studies of entrepreneurship in the Internet context can enrich and expand the theories of traditional entrepreneurship. In conclusion, we once again emphasize the importance of the Internet in entrepreneurial activities in China, and try to call for more attention to China’s “Internet Plus” practice and its related theories. Therefore, this paper puts forward three topics for future studies: Firstly, collect vast amounts of second-hand data on the Internet to be used for quantitative research, or explore the characteristics and laws of entrepreneurial activities in the new Internet context so as to deepen the current studies. Secondly, cross-regional and cross-cultural comparative studies are needed to verify if foreign research findings can apply to Chinese context. Finally, future studies need to establish a model of cross-layer analysis to explore the multiple effects of the Internet context on entrepreneurial activities.

In the era of knowledge economy, influential innovative output can bring immeasurable economic benefits, while lack of innovation may lead to stagnation and regression of enterprise. So far scholars have not reached a consensus on the relationships between explorative search and the impact of innovative output, in which inter-organizational attributes, taken as the most basic factor affecting the effectiveness of explorative search still need deconstruction. As a knowledge-intensive high-tech industry with high R&D intensity and frequent innovative search activities, the semiconductor industry is regarded as a case in point. To answer the research question “how explorative search affects the impact of innovative output”, JAVA and R language, text mining, database technology, social network analysis technology are used to construct an internal network model and measure the core variables on the basis of large-scale USPTO patent data (totaling approximately 187,000 patents, approximately 1.329 million backward citations and 2.082 million forward citations). We identify 63 listed companies in the global semiconductor industry between 1991 and 2000 as our research objects, and through negative binomial regression analysis of the panel data with 630 observed values, this study reaches the following conclusions: First, explorative search, as a key factor of the impact of innovative output, exerts a positive effect on it, which means that searching for unfamiliar knowledge can add new knowledge elements to organizational knowledge base and increase heterogeneity. To be specific, doing this can increase the possibility of creative knowledge combination, challenge the current cognitive structure and causal belief, and as a result increase the emergency likelihood of high-impact innovative output. Second, inter-organizational collaboration network is the important internal context factor which influences the relationship between explorative search and the impact of innovative output. On the one hand, the density of inter-organizational collaboration networks has a positive moderation effect on the relationship between explorative search and the impact of innovative output. When the density of inter-organizational collaboration network is high, tacit knowledge is more favorable to transmission, and the likelihood of using new knowledge by others is increasing as well, which lead to improving the possibility of high-impact innovative output. On the other hand, the separation degree of inter-organizational collaboration networks negatively moderates the main effect for the reason that, as the number of unconnected discrete small group increases, it enlarges the communication gap between each other, which is harmful to the knowledge transfer and thus decreases the likelihood of new discovery. Compared with previous studies, this study contributes to the literature in the following aspects: First, this study performs a meticulous deconstruction of the inter-organizational context from the perspective of network structure. Deconstructing the internal network configuration provides a helpful research direction for studying the effect of explorative search on innovation. Second, this study supplements the current research on innovative search from the perspective of the technological cognitive boundary. Existing researches mainly define the crossing of technological cognitive boundary as searching for knowledge outside the industry, but this approach is doubtful from the perspective of construct measurement. This study defines the technological cognitive boundary from its essence, i.e. on the ground that the knowledge is familiar to the organization. So it overcomes the shortage of direct empirical tests on the relationship between explorative search (searching the knowledge never used before) and the impact of innovative output.

As the advance in China urbanization in the period of social transformation, mass incidents such as land evictions disputes, environmental pollution disputes occur frequently. These issues are closely concerned with all walks of life. This is not only because there are multiple stakeholders involved, but also these disputes are related to the protection on public interest. As a result of the frequent occurrence of these new-type conflicts, the issue of establishing public welfare relief mechanism is often brought up to public. Actually, reseachers have poured much attention into the administration litigation for public interest by social organizations as plaintiff and the relevant conflicts, which does not really fit characteristics of the disputes and judicial environment in our country. As administration litigations for public interest is an important part in the study of administrative law, there have already been many academic works on this regard. Among these achievements, as a type of public interest relief mechanism, the administration litigation for public interest by social organization as plaintiff(ALPISOP,for short) has been followed by quite a few scholars, but the mechanism was always placed in the subject of group-dispute resolving mechanism or diverse dispute resolving mechanism. Based on a comprehensive survey on the existing research of the topic, the present discussion generally focuses on the comparative advantages of litigation whose plaintiff is social organization，the litigation's institutional configuration, and a comparative study between different countries, etc. Arguably, the current study of the topic is concentrated more on introduction, comparison and demonstration of system transplantation than theoretical analysis and interpretation of native situations. Currently, judicial practice and legal norms related to ALPISOP appear in succession. This situation provides practical materials to study the subject, and impels us to shift the researching center of the subject. That is, formerly, the discussions were focused on the problem of whether social groups can be qualified as the plaintiff for public interest in litigation；currently, it is necessary to pay more attention to the problem of how to carry forward this type of litigation. For the elaboration, the present article is divided into five parts. Firstly, the current situation of ALPISOP in China is analyzed. Thus, we can recognize the source of the problem. Specifically, the practice shows two opposite developing trends in ALPISOP, but legislation confirms it finally. And the critical problem is to build a specific norm for China's ALPISOP.  Secondly, characteristics of ALPISOP is discussed. On the basis of its historical development, we find that there are two distinguive features: one is that the mechanism is aimed at group disputes, the other is that social organizations have specific sources of litigation claims, namely, litigation explicity.  Thirdly, limits on ALPISOP are dealt with.There are three considerations that need to be considered to build ALPISOP in China. That is, developing situation of social groups, local conditions of rights of claiming, the existing system of public interest relief.  Fourthly, the construction of ALPISOP is emphasized. On the basis of the analysis above, we suggest three rules to reconstruct ALPISOP in China. Currently, the real handicap to carry forward ALPISOP in China is the lack of concrete rules which fit local judicial circumstances all along. ALPISOP is provided with two premises: unsolvable group disputes with traditional litigation system and mature social organization system. In consideration of restrictions on the development of China's group organizations, emphasis is on political objectives of judicial culture, and the traditions of right activist obsessed with the outcome justice. We should rebuild the system which conform with its characteristic: 1) give social groups a plaintiff qualification for administration litigation of public interest in specific legislations, and when the experience is enriched, it is better to draw up uniform provisions. 2）clarify that social groups is possession of right of performance and stopping infringement. 3) clarify cohesive rules between the public interest litigation and representative litigation, joint litigation or mediation mechanism in administrative law, to solve the involved problems of compensation for damage of victims. Fifthly, conclusion and significance of the discussion are shown. The promotion of ALPISOP will indicate the supervision of societal force over the government power.

Family trust which stemmed from Use is the earliest form of trust. Originally，Use was a way of disposing of family land，in which sense that Use was designed and applied. Religion played a significant role in the popularization of Use. In the structure of Use，the relationship between the trustor，trustee and beneficiary was interactive，which constituted the essential elements of Use. The common law only admitted the legal effect of land transfer between the trustor and trustee in the early stage of Use. Nevertheless，the usufruct relations between the trustee and beneficiary were still adjusted in the scope of morals. After the rise of equity，the court of chancery gradually defined the relationship between the trustee and beneficiary as a kind of legal relationship. Thus the beneficial right of trustee was recognized by law. Later on，the validity of ″use on use″ was confirmed by judicial precedent. As a result，family trust came into being． The family trust was mainly used for the settlement of family property in the early days. In today’s society，its value is reflected in the inheritance of family wealth and family business. As far as wealth inheritance is concerned，the risk isolation function of trust makes trust property separate from other property of the trustor and trustee，thereby avoiding the hotchpot. Some unfavorable factors would not affect the independent existence of trust property，such as the trustor’s death，marriage and family changes. Hence，family trust makes the trust property under the steady control of trustee，which forms the foundation for the inheritance of family wealth． The continuation of family firm is the basic form of inheritance of family business. Nevertheless，there are considerable risks in the inheritance of family firm. In the model of family trust，although the equity may be reassigned，the family firm won’t be broken up，and won’t fluctuate greatly because of family changes，which ensures the integrity and stability of profitability and anti-risk ability． A tide of family inheritance will appear in the next 5 to 10 years in China. It is a problem how to achieve the inheritance of family wealth and family business. Family trust can provide a sound solution for us. In fact，the family trust，as a classic mode of inheritance of family wealth and family business，is very popular among the rich in European and American developed countries. There are quite a few entrepreneurs from mainland China who have established their family trusts overseas． It is the original and basic function of family trust to manage land，which can be used by trust companies to run farmers’ land in our country. It is called family land trust. As a trustee，the trust company which acquires farmers’ transfer of contractual operation right of rural land should manage the land on behalf of the farmers themselves and their family members. It would help the trust companies expand their business，which will bring profit growth in future. At the same time， the farmers can obtain the stable income from their land. Furthermore，the family land trust is of help to promote the circulation，intensive management and large-scale operation of rural land．

China has enjoyed its economic boom in the past decades. However, the low government efficiency is what hinders the development of economy. It is without doubt that the construction of service-oriented government and effective government cannot be separated from the improvement of government service and the enhancement of its efficiency. Over the past decades, it has become the “new normal” phenomenon that Chinese enterprises continue to respond to the “Going Global” policy, to develop new target markets and to seek for new resources, which turns out to be the new “landing point” of the transformation and development of Chinese firms. Meanwhile, the Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) of Chinese enterprises relies highly on the Chinese Government. The recent proposition of “One Belt And One Road” strategy provides new challenges and opportunities for Chinese enterprises and government to take this platform for win-win cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to explore whether the government efficiency will affect the pace of Chinese enterprises’ going global. This paper firstly examines the mechanisms by which government efficiency is able to have impact on the scale of enterprises’ outward direct foreign investment, and proposes two possible effects. The first is known as the direct effect, in which, by improving government efficiency, approval efficiency, information service efficiency and finance efficiency can all be enhanced, thus directly reducing the difficulty of OFDI and immediately influences the enterprises’ decision on whether to conduct OFDI or not; the second is defined as adjustment effect, which illustrates that, by improving local government efficiency, the Chinese domestic investment and economic environment are largely perfected, and may contribute to making enterprises turn to domestic investment, instead of OFDI, which is more risk-taking. Furthermore, the paper makes an attempt to analyze the effect of government efficiency on the quality of OFDI at the theoretical level, and holds that the enhancing of government efficiency will improve the quality of OFDI in terms of geographical distribution, industrial structure and the average scale of M&A project. This paper goes on with an empirical analysis to further verify the mechanisms, using Chinese provincial panel data from 1994-2012. Results support the proposal for both effects mentioned above. In addition, by calculating the net effect within both direct and adjustment effect, the result indicates that the net effect is positive, i.e., with local government efficiency improving, the OFDI scale will be increased as well, revealing that the direct effect is more significant than the adjustment effect. Moreover, the paper creates two dummy variables to represent the three regions with different geography in China, namely, the eastern region, the central region and the western region. The regression result shows that there is a significant disparity within the three regions. The originality of the paper lies in the following three respects. Firstly, and foremost, it innovatively places government efficiency and outward foreign direct investment into the analysis framework, simulates the mechanisms of how government efficiency affects both scale level and quality level of outward foreign direct investment and, for the first time, proposes two effects that leads government efficiency to influence outward foreign direct investment, i.e., the direct effect and the adjustment effect. Secondly, it verifies the mechanisms by using the Chinese provincial panel data from 1994-2012, and modifies the empirical model by adding intersection terms. The empirical analysis result significantly confirms the hypotheses raised from mechanisms and calculates the net effect of both effects, which helps understand that the direct effect is stronger that the adjustment effect and to improve government efficiency results in higher volume of OFDI. Thirdly, to investigate the existence of regional gap of OFDI in China, the paper innovatively introduces two dummy variables to represent regional variables and reaches conclusion that there is regional disparity in China, and both western and central regions lag far behind the eastern region in the “Go global” process.