Big data is gaining increasing attention from the ports and shipping industry . The analysis and exploitation of shipping data can provide government departments and functional state-owned enterprises with elementary data so that they may play a better role in public service . However,the exploitation of shipping data faces several difficult problems . Firstly,the government and state-owned enterprises do not have enough qualified human resources to process big data,so they have to rely on universities and research institutes .Secondly,since shipping data are of great commercial value,data security and business privacy are of extreme importance during its storage and transmission .Thirdly,the data assets of the shipping enterprises need to be evaluated,and an equitable mechanism of profit distribution should be set up on the basis of the ownership of data . Finally,the efficient employment of shipping big data involves the integration of various sources in order to realize the sharing of data and resources,which requires the establishment of relevant policies by the government to promote data sharing in public service . Managing big data will bring greater profit to various sections of public service and lead to broader application prospects once the above problems are solved .Firstly,realtime data mining on the shipping data will make the shipping index more accurate as it reflects the changes of the industry more quickly than traditional shipping indices .Secondly,the containers at different container yards can be dynamically allocated and distributed when the data are monitored and processed in realtime,so that the operation efficiency of shipping enterprises is raised and social cost is saved .Thirdly,the shipping data can be used to inspect enterprises' credit rating and provide information on the actual operation of enterprises at fast speed and low cost,assisting the development of the supply chain finance .Fourthly,realtime monitoring of customs application data will facilitate the discovery of questionable products and missing information and give pre-warning to export-oriented enterprises,greatly reducing their risks and losses . In the future,shipping big data should be firstly integrated with the cloud infrastructure by benefiting from standard software and hardware and elastic computing resource allocation . Secondly,the data governance architecture inside the organization needs to be improved . Shipping data from variance sources should be cleaned and mended before further analysis and processing .Thirdly,data inside the organization should be grouped and partitioned in order to fulfill different requirements .Finally,a shipping big data ecosystem is proposed to realize the sharing of data among all interested individuals and companies . With big data technology developing at fast speed,the supervision departments and relevant service enterprises should adopt reliable and well-established solutions to construct an analytical platform for big data .

In previous researches on the history of sino-foreign trade in the late Ming Dynasty,scholars mainly focused on the famous trade of raw silk .But it has been proved that in the same period,abundant varieties of Chinese silk piece goods as high grade fabric with considerable commercial value gradually became the major goods exported to Japan via Macau,and Portuguese merchants' important source of income as well . Westerners gained their initial knowledge on Chinese silk piece goods in the early 16th century when they first arrived in the East .Thereafter,as Jesuits and other Catholic missionaries gained access to the mainland China,along with the development of sino-foreign trade,Chinese silk piece goods were more and more frequently mentioned in their letters and reports .Those merchants and missionaries even made a detailed description about the way of trade and the export amount which could reach up to thousands of chests .According to some important historical materials (five trade lists),we can get a clear view of some details such as categories and sale prices of Chinese silk piece goods in Macau's export trade in the first half of the 17th century .By comparing it with raw silk and other goods,this paper intends to figure out the actual increase of silk piece goods in specific seasons in order to prove its growing significance in Macau-Japan trade as well as the overall foreign trade in China at that time . Different from raw silk,silk piece goods were of wide varieties and non-standardized shapes with varying length and width .Therefore,in Macau-Japan trade,following the tradition of the Chinese market,silk piece goods were sold at retail by weight according to corresponding qualities,rather than sold in pancada as raw silk . It's worth mentioning that Jesuits started investing in this beneficial trading activity a long time ago . In charge of business activities like a shrewd merchants,procuradors stayed alert to the market and would timely purchase profitable commodities in short supply .Moreover,in Nagasaki and other places they took part in the sales activities organized by Armacao,a kind of commercial organization in Macau . Inevitably,these highly market-oriented commercial activities would result in business risks .However,because of the shortage of missionary funds and the need for social activities,the huge investment in silk piece goods trade between Macau and Japan played an irreplaceable and unique role in the Jesuits' missions .

Chinese system of evidence classification consists of the evidence classification provided by law . Compared with the western countries ruled by law,Chinese system of evidence classification has two distinctive characteristics:a special article of law is used to make a clear and definite list of evidence category and some peculiar categories of evidence are provided .Thought the view that there are some serious defects of logic in Chinese system of evidence classification has already become the consensus of the academic field of procedure law,the major elements of this system are still remained in legislation .The causes of this phenomenon must be found out from the perspective of the function of the system . The academic world generally thinks that it is the legal function of Chinese system of evidence classification to limit the admissibility of evidence . That means,according to the provisions for the legal forms of evidence,any evidence materials that do not belong to the legal categories of evidence will be inadmissible and must be excluded from the scope of evidence during the criminal procedure .However,this academic opinion is only an imaginable function of the system of evidence classification .The function of limiting the admissibility of evidence has never been realized in the practice of Chinese criminal procedure .It has hardly happened that some materials which have probative value were excluded just because of their forms not belonging to the legal forms of evidence .One reason for this is that,though Chinese law has provided the categories of evidence,the corresponding admissibility rules of evidence have not been established by law at the same time .Another reason is that the evidence categories provided by law can be interpreted to cover all forms of evidence . From the macroscopic perspective of legal background,Chinese system of evidence classification is coeval with the investigation-oriented doctrine and the trial mode of relying investigation files,which have existed in Chinese criminal justice for a long time .There are two obvious tendencies of applying evidence against this background:cognizing the evidence from the perspective of investigative subject rather than trial subject and presenting the evidence in written form .Through setting up a set of evidence categories that correspond to the investigative actions and confusing the investigative subject and the trial subject while interpreting the evidence categories,Chinese system of evidence classification provides a legal approach to applying the evidence materials in writing .And then,it caters for the above-mentioned requirements of the investigation-oriented doctrine and the trial mode of relying investigation files .As a result,the actual function of Chinese system of evidence classification is changed from limiting the admissibility of evidence to enhancing the admissibility of investigation files . This is very disadvantageous to improving criminal proceedings and establishing the rules of evidence in China . In order to realize the due function of Chinese system of evidence classification,which is to limit the admissibility of evidence and exclude the inadmissible evidence,evidence categories must be reasonably set up and a variety of admissibility rules of evidence must be established and improved according to the requirements of trial-oriented doctrine . At present,limiting the admissibility of investigation files would be the main approach to changing the function of this system .The concrete measures include defining the evidence categories from the perspective of trial so as to provide a theoretical basis of limiting the admissibility of investigation files,gradually restricting and reducing the use of investigation files in criminal trial through the method of judicial interpretation .

Information disclosure is one of the most important systems in the market of securities . However,it faces many problems on significant assets reorganizations in China:state-owned listed companies lack liberty,and cannot respond to market rumors immediately|regular proclamations are of a mere formality,and cannot provide investors with essential information|people spread news through their own media,earlier than proclamations .The reasons are various .On the one hand,part of listed companies with bad motives use reorganizations for favouritism,therefore,they cheat over proclamations .On the other hand,information disclosure has its own defects:much too overloaded and specialized information|the challenge of identifying the importance of information|the inborn contradiction between information disclosure and business secrets|the complexity and gradualness of reorganizations,all of which lead to difficulties in information disclosure .In order to deal with these problems,the China Securities Regulatory Commission has revised the system on information disclosure continuously,paid more attention to risk reminding,and adopted regular proclamations,requested listed companies to publish news every week or every 30 days .Nevertheless,there are still problems,such as insufficient scope of obligors,too many proclamations,etc .These problems aggravate the burdens of disclosure obligors,information supervisors and investors . More importantly,these intensive proclamations do not provide investors with much essential information . When reorganizations fail suddenly,most investors are not well prepared .The disclosure system does not distinguish dramatic changes or turning points from regular progress,and is lacking in warning proclamation on reorganization failure,which makes investors wait for progress blindly .In addition,the current system is short of legal responsibilities,and imperfect in its coordinate mechanism .As a result,we should change the regular proclamation to staged proclamation . The latter has three stages:planning,implementation and accomplishment,which can reduce the burdens of all parties .If there happens to be the events that influence stock prices significantly,especially sudden accidents in reorganizations that may lead to failure or predictable failure of reorganizations,listed companies related should disclose information frequently,suspend stock trading and make temporary proclamations .We should also adopt the rule of simplicity,emphasize on investment risks|make special regulations on state-owned companies,add related policy-making institutions as information disclosure obligors|formulate rules on information disclosure through we-media,utilize information technology to tackle the cyber challenges .

Since the 21st century,deep-rooted structural imbalance and periodical problems have emerged in Chinese industrial development . Industrial structure adjustment becomes an era proposition,the key points of which are to accelerate the development of strategic emerging industries and to upgrade traditional industries .In this context,industrial investment fund has been growing and expanding steadily . Based on the literature review,studies could be extended as follows:firstly,studies have confirmed that extended industrial investment fund could accelerate industrial structure adjustment,but the conduction mechanism and the intrinsic link between them are not clear . Secondly,there is a lack of data mining and empirical test to support the fact that Chinese industrial investment fund could promote the upgrading and the rationalization of industrial structure . This paper discusses whether and how industrial investment fund facilitates industry structure restructuring .The research shows innovations in theoretical framework and empirical approach .As to the former,the micro-effect and the macro-effect of industrial investment fund are integrated into one unified research framework,which fills the gaps in this field . This research shows that industrial investment fund could promote industrial structure adjustment in the following paths .At the micro level,it can be achieved through value creation and R&D input of enterprises .At the macro level,it can be done by way of capital accumulation and employment growth .Meanwhile,the micro level effect will be passed on to that of macro level .As to the latter,Structural Equation Modeling (SEM ) is applied in the research . This paper uses inter-provincial data in China from 2010 to 2012 and simultaneous analysis of several groups in SEM to test the influence of industrial investment fund on industrial structure adjustment . The empirical results show that industrial investment fund has promoted industrial structure adjustment in China . The micro path from industrial investment fund to industrial structure adjustment is confirmed .The increase of industrial investment fund has a significantly positive influence on the micro-effect of value creation and R&D input,and finally boosts the upgrading and rationalization of industrial structure .However,the macro path of industrial investment fund is unremarkable .Industrial investment fund has a strong positive influence on the macro-effect of employment growth,while the coefficient of macro-effect and industrial structure adjustment is not obvious,which means that macro-effect of industrial investment fund is not fully effective . The research suggests that,to further strengthen the positive effect of industrial investment fund on industrial structure adjustment,policies should be focused on guiding rational development of industrial investment fund,constituting multi-level withdrawal channels and balancing the expansion of industrial investment fund across China .

The average shareholding proportion of the largest shareholders in Chinese listed companies exceeds 30%,and majority shareholders can make decisions directly based on superiority of control rights,while rights of minority shareholders are often ignored .To protect minority shareholders' rights,China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has guided the listed companies to implement internet voting system for shareholders' meeting,and encouraged minority shareholders to participate in corporate governance through attending shareholders' meeting .Up to now,the network voting practice has been carried out for nearly 10 years and the voting mechanism has been improved greatly .However,voting rates of shareholders' meetings are not high,and a large number of minority shareholders abstain from voting .Why have voting participation rates not increased while internet voting system for shareholders' meeting has improved ?Which factors affect the voting behavior of the minority shareholders ?There are few literatures focusing on minority shareholders participating in corporate governance,and researches on abstention behavior of minority shareholders have not been fully developed yet . Using the shareholders' meeting voting data of the companies listed on Shenzhen Securities Exchange from 2007 2012,this paper analyzes the factors affecting abstention rates of shareholders' meeting and reveals the internal mechanism of the shareholders' abstaining from voting . The empirical results show as follows:(1 ) reflecting the degree of information asymmetry index of voting resolutions″market attention″and benefit dependency index are two important factors for investors' participating in the vote . That resolution information of shareholders' meetings is open to the public can help reduce abstention rates,and investors can be driven by their benefit to participate in the vote .(2)Investors'participation in the vote is based on resolutions being concerned by the market .Abstention rates are high,even if resolutions relates to the rights of investors,unless the voting information is observed by investors .That is to say,benefit dependency can only influence voting rates of resolutions that draw high market attention . (3) According to the cumulative abnormal returns before the vote,resolutions are divided into two types,″good resolution″and″bad resolution .″The factors influencing abstention rates of these two types differ greatly . The benefit dependency has significantly negative impact on abstention rate of″good resolution,″but the impact of market attention on abstention rates is not significant .While market attention has significantly negative impact on abstention rates of″bad resolution,″ and benefit dependency has no significant influence on abstention rates . (4)Accordingly,based on analysis and conclusion,this paper provides policy suggestions about minority shareholders participating in shareholders' meeting . The innovative points of this paper are as follows:from the perspective of information asymmetry and benefit dependency of resolutions,this paper analyzes voting behavior of minority shareholders and their motivations . In order to explore the abstention behavior of minority shareholders properly,this paper uses the abstention rates data .Resolutions are divided″good resolution″and″bad resolution,″and different influences on these two types between information asymmetry and benefit dependency are compared .Quantile regression (QR) method is used to get reasonable conclusions . Since the conclusions of this paper focus on minority shareholders' participation in corporate governance,it deepens the theoretical research on the protection of minority shareholders' rights .

The globalization of economy and politics and the development of digital media create a global discourse field .A new global discourse system and order becomes true as the decline of the discourse power of the past dominator and the rise of new speakers in the international discourse system .The Internet has made the world into a whole in space and time .The territorial space of every nation has been replaced by a virtual space .A global communicative system has come into true .Internet discourse has become a new global ecology .Conflicts in the real world have been reflected by the network .They are resolved and extended through the network,and achieve the integration of global culture through words ultimately . Global discourse system is a comprehensive representation in media of global framework .It is not only a stage for displaying global discourse of politics,economy,culture,science and technology,education and others,but also a re-expressive discourse system of human civilizations as well as a representation system in media for nations in the whole world .The Global discourse system varies in different levels,regions,fields as well as history and reality .China is trying his efforts to become a builder of the Asian regional discourse order and a dominator of the new global discourse system . The world should adapt its attitude actively according to the new discourse position,role and action of China .The world should also re-think and recognize all of these aspects of China as well as being used to China's new discourse role and power .Building a global discourse system in international cultural conflicts and amalgamation is becoming a mutual subject of both global communication practice and discourse research . The conflicts between powerful discourse and peaceful discourse,national discourse and universal discourse,local discourse and external discourse,official discourse and folk discourse are great threats to the building of a global discourse system .Equality,freedom,openness,tolerance,benevolence of speech is the safeguard and important conditions of building a global discourse system . Global rhetoric is the important means and ways for building a global discourse system .The global rhetoric is the globalization of rhetorical practice as well as a global social system,and a universal code and approaches to them .Global rhetoric means to defuse international conflicts,to deal with all the developmental problems of all the human beings by rhetorical conversation rather than violence and war,to unify the global public wills,to realize the common interests as well as to build a Great Unity .Global rhetoric is also a mean and a way for managing human souls and gathering common will of human beings,as well being a world order and one form of human civilization . The building of an Asian discourse system especially eastern Asian discourse system should be done by Asian nations themselves .It should be built on regional conversation and rhetoric with the aim to form discourse community .Asia should be returned to its classical harmony and civilization .This is a new choice of Asian civilization .The discourse system building of the globe and Asia should all absorb classic wisdom .Chinese classic wisdom,such as″speech rituals,″″speech humanity,″″speech loyalty,″″speech truthfulness″of Confucianism and″universal love,″″no attacking″of Monism are important strategies for building of global discourse system,solving global cultural conflicts,realizing cultural amalgamation and regional peaceful development .

The issue that digital publishing is closely related to national cultural security has increasingly aroused public concern .In the context where English is employed as an″international language,″in order to improve the effect of international dissemination and to let the world understand China further,more and more China's publications are published in English or with English translation .However,languages of different nations and different cultures follow different grammatical rules and pragmatic usages .In the process when Chinese is translated into English,because some authors and editors are not proficient enough in English,or they are negligent in doing their job,there occur from time to time some errors involving issues of national cultural security in the realms of territory,ideology,ethnic relationship,religion and others .When network helps deliver information widely and timely to recipients,featuring high speed,multi-dimension and globalization,it is highly possible that it might convey data infected with erroneous elements and implant them in the recipients' decoding process,resulting in misunderstanding and misinterpretation,and thereby impacting their attitude and behavior .The project group 13BXW016 of China's National Social Science Fund,when completing their research on″the Standardization of China's Academic Publishing in the Process of Internationalization,″found that in a number of academic journals,including the journals published by colleges and universities in China there are some hazards involving issues of China's national cultural security and China's national image .How to change the situation and how to urge the authors of″going abroad″academic publications to enhance their sense of responsibility and improve their quality of English language become an important proposition of national strategic significance concerning the protection of national cultural security and national interests . The research group has proposed that the state government should establish a mechanism,namely″The Monitoring and Control of the National Cultural Security of the National Academic Publishing,″in which SAPPRFT (the State Administration of Press,Publication,Radio,Film and Television of the People's Republic of China) plays the key role in taking direct responsibility to the Central Committee on National Security and the CPC Central Committee Propaganda Department . SAPPRFT should work collaboratively with other ministries where there are relevant academic publications to set up a real-time monitoring system named″The State's National Cultural Security Monitoring Platform″by providing institutional guidance and supervision for its subordinate units such as the Publication Quality Supervision and Inspection of SAPPRFT,Bureaus of Press and Publication of each province,city and autonomous region and related institutes,associations and seminars to entrust third parties with the duty of scrutinization on a regular basis . Meanwhile,improvement of corresponding working conditions in technique,such as developing effective software for checking,must also be sponsored by the above-mentioned monitoring platform .

Along with the market development and urbanization after the implementation of the reform and open door policy,China has been adjusting the administrative divisions at the sub-provincial level so as to accommodate the scale expansion of market economy and the agglomeration of factor flowing .In the process of transition from a planned economy to a market economy in China,there is a close link between the administrative divisions,economic development and urbanization .China's administrative divisions,which were shaped by the planned economy,set the boundaries for the development of regional and urban economies,which is a typical mode of China's″economy of administrative divisions .″ With the cross-boundary mobility of urban and regional elements brought about by the market economy,administrative divisions have to undergo necessary adjustments to support the agglomeration of the market economy and the development of economic scale .Such adjustments to adapt to the breakthrough of boundaries of the market economy and to expand economic space are certainly the result of the games of competitions and compromises between/among the given local governments in their pursuit of benefit maximization .The provincial and central governments have also played their role in bringing about the necessary adjustments .There have been stories of success and failure in the reform of administrative divisions .In each adjustment of Hangzhou-Xiaoshan administrative divisions,we found that the regional economy and urbanization were updated,and the economic space for the development of Hangzhou as a metropolis was expanded .The basic reasons can be seen in the fact that such adjustments did not result from the orders of higher-level administrations,but from the games of competitions and compromises between the two local governments .The adjustments of the administrative divisions of Hangzhou and Xiaoshan are not only a case in point of the functional transformation of the local government,but also the important content of the reform of the governmental system . In fact,at first Hangzhou and Xiaoshan did not voluntarily or consciously implement the adjustment of administrative divisions and economic integration .However,the two local governments gradually adapted to the market in their games,giving up the confrontational competitions in favor of win-win cooperation .As a result,the adjustment was timely,appropriately and maturely completed on the premise of respecting the development law of market economy .Moreover,it was not a simple adjustment of the administrative divisions,but an integration of government reform and the transformation of governmental functions .Against the background of the reform of the provincial governmental system,the local governments of Hangzhou and Xiaoshan have a strong sense of serving the market economy . The regional market economies compete in a relatively fair environment and have strong impetus for endogenous growth,contributing to a steady and healthy process of urbanization . The significant revelation from the paper is that the reform of administrative divisions cannot cure the stubborn disease of″economy of administrative divisions″of China .The cures are system reform,a clear distinction between the government and the market,and the change of an″omnipotent government″ with direct control of economy into a public service-oriented government .Only in this way can the local governments have more space for the development of urban economy and urbanization .The case study of the development of regional economy and urbanization of Hangzhou and Xiaoshan administrative divisions has significant theoretical and practical significance for future study .