After many years of development since the reform and opening up， migrant workers begin to have internal structural differences. For example， the income， capital and social network of the employed migrant workers are different from those of the self-employed migrant workers， and yet most of the researchers treat them as a whole. Meanwhile， a problem of statistical criteria inconsistencies has come into being in the current researches， which makes the data inconsistent both synchronically and diachronically， greatly reducing the information value of the data. So it is necessary to use consistent statistical criteria for structural analyses． Our definition of the employed migrant workers is based on a survey by the National Bureau of Statistics. The variation trend of the numbers and earnings of the employed migrant workers come from the National Rural Fixed Observation and China Statistical Yearbook. The main findings are as follows:（1） The number of migrant workers has stabilized， because the rising proportions of the migrant workers and the decreasing number of the rural workingage population have reached a relative equilibrium. The underlying reason is that urbanization and citizenization have made the rural population decrease quickly. （2） The number of employed migrant workers has increased slowly and begins to become stable. On the background of the stable migrant workers， the increase of employed migrant workers is due to a higher proportion of employment， which has risen to a very high degree. On the other hand， rural depopulation continues. Therefore， the number of migrant employed workers will also be stable， and it will even reach a ″turning point．″ （3） The proportion of young employed migrant workers （under the age of 35） has been declining year by year. One reason is that the proportion of rural young population has been rapidly declining， and another reason is that young migrant workers have higher employment expectations， which increases their difficulty in finding jobs．（4） The earning of employed migrant workers has a significant rise and it will continue to increase， but their earnings are lower than the average of all the migrant workers. In addition， the relative gap between urban workers and employed migrant workers has not narrowed down， which makes the problem of inequality worse．（5） There is a significant earning gap between the one with a high school diploma and the one with a college degree， and the gap is still widening. This paper provides relatively accurate information for studying employed migrant workers， and the findings contribute to a better understanding of the structure of the migrant workers. It is hoped that further researches will be carried out in this area．
Animal gene transfer technologies are more and more widely applied with fewer obstacles due to the decrease in cost and technical requirement of transgenic research and the increase in success rate. This situation on the one hand makes it easier for the production of transgenic animals, and on the other hand makes it harder for supervision and management. Since transgenic animal technology has risks in itself and the malicious abuse of it is likely to pose increasing security threats to the human society, safety control of transgenic research at its experimental stage is absolutely necessary. Along with the risks, there are broad application prospects of transgenic animals in areas such as new animal variety breeding, bio-pharmacy, disease research, organ transplantation, environmental protection, landscape ornamental, and gene function research, which mirrors that this technology has great potential values to promote social development. Once the research is to be put into production, the successful regulation of it largely ensures the national economic development and social stability. Therefore, it is important to conduct safety control on transgenic researches at its experimental stage. As required by the public, the supervision and administration should focus on guaranteeing the safety of transgenic animals, and the safety assessment should follow at least three criteria: firstly, the maturity, stability and precision of transgenic techniques; secondly, the characteristics of animal populations, which determine the diversity of security risks; thirdly, the purposes and methods of application, which may give rise to different safety problems. The three criteria suggest that transgenic animal safety is not a problem that can be easily solved by one or two conclusions, but rather a long-lasting issue faced by the society. Again, as risk prevention and control at the experimental stage is the crux of the matter, a well-established system of laws is needed to regulate the supervision and administration of relevant research with both effectiveness and efficiency. However, the current legal system concerning safety control of transgenic animal research seems to be inadequate to fulfill its mission, given some existing problems and developmental problems. To be specific, the laws and regulations are not clear-cut enough; the standards for hierarchical management are not strict enough; safety assessment is not brought into full play; there is a lack of cooperation and coordination between supervision subjects; and there lacks guidelines for supervision and inspection, emergency management, and control measures. To cope with these existing problems, it is necessary to clarify the fundamental principles of safety control, to adjust the scope of objects for regulation, to overall plan and put on record the inspecting and detecting techniques, and to regulate the system of register and trace management. This paper, based on the analysis of the advances and applications of transgenic animal technologies coupled with the tree criteria for transgenic animal safety assessment, summarizes and puts forth some tendencies of the laws and regulations on safety control of transgenic animal research, namely the clarification of supervisory and regulatory principles, the adjustment of supervisory and regulatory scope, the optimization of safety assessment system, the construction of a coordinated supervisory and regulatory system, and the enhancement of legal certainty. The innovation of this paper lies in three aspects: first and foremost, it is a cross-disciplinary (animal science and law science) study of transgenic animal safety related laws based on the development of animal gene transfer technologies; what is more, it provides a comprehensive analysis and a scientific conclusion of the problems and deficiencies of China’s current legal system on transgenic animal research; last but not least, it objectively puts forward a set of “precautionary principle” centered supervisory and regulatory principles, discusses the logical relations among “deeper scientific investigation principle”, “hierarchical and classified supervision principle” and “individual case assessment and regulation principle”, and explicitly denies the applicability of “Substantial Equivalence” in China in view of the international trend, social demand, and safety problems.
The Tencent Inc.’s lawsuit against Qihoo 360 Technology Co. Ltd. for unfair competition is a typical network event which epitomizes “the tragedy of the commons.” In the verdict, the court cited unprecedentedly the related provisions both issued by the government and the guild, indicating the function of major participants, especially those of social self-organization, on the regulation system of Internet service providers, based on whose characters, it is therefore necessary to innovate and develop its regulation system. The regulation on Internet service providers involves three major participants: the government, the public and Internet service providers including their guild. Currently in China, the Internet service providers are regulated from top to bottom, i.e., the government plays the role of the leader, the dominator and the supervisor while the other participants the follower. With the evolution of its definition and function as well as innovation in regulatory means, problems of the mode arise. The government relies heavily on self-judgment in decision-making, lacking in mutual communication, demonstration and negotiation with other main parts due to its complete dominance in the regulation model. However, Internet service provision deals with interest appeals from multiple subjects, which deserve equal opportunity to express their value standards. In the meantime, defects exist in the statute law on which the government is dependent, such as the absence of market incentive and self-regulation, the weak legal basis for the others in the controlling and the incoordination of the standard system. In addition, the guild lacks autonomy resulting from the strict control of the government and its strong directivity in member selection fails to promote self-development. As the pact for self-discipline in the industry, the “soft law” also has problems in quantity, operability and deterrent force. The public has little access to partake and the public rules are unorganized and dispersed. Besides, the value standard of public participation is affected by various factors, thus requiring measures to adjust personal preference developed in unreasonable conditions so as to promote scientific rationality. To solve the problems in the current pattern, we should set up a “Polycentric Governance” theory based Internet service providers system, which is stipulated by multicenter collaboratively and characterized by mutual trust, openness, compatibility and interactivity. As the key function shifts, the government should impel other participants to intervene in the regulation, keep a harmonious relationship among principal parts and actively leave the right to social self-organization. The guild serves as the bridge between the government and the public and develops itself by coordination and collaboration, thus improving the two-way communication between the internal Internet service providers and the external Internet users. Under the premise of more approaches to participate, the public gains full access to information and exchanges with other major bodies using the institutional arrangement and Internet service platform, which renders the suggestions more scientific and feasible. The new regulation system is in accordance with not only the tendency of social governance but also the features and requirements of the stipulated. It continuously exerts positive influences on the participants, which boosts the overall development of the industry chain and considerably increases the effectiveness of the regulation.
Free port is an ancient economic phenomenon， born from cross-regional commodity exchange. As a part of the international trade system， free ports’ development is under the influence of the international system reform and institution transition. At different stages of human history， the forms and functions of free （port） zones are changing and expanding， complying with diverse international political and economic rules. Among all the institutions that are designed to maintain the polity， the tariff system has the closest relation with the evolution of free ports． The history of original free port and original tariff can be traced back to ancient Europe. With decentralized powers and non-universal tariff system， the original tariff was hardly able to play a role in trade restriction， let alone the trade facilitation of original free ports in ancient Europe. The public authority in medieval Europe was based on a combination of universal theocracy and divided feudal hierarchy. The latter made it difficult for an integrated and standardized national tariff system to be established. The heavy exploitation caused by internal tariff systems gradually impeded market economy development. The emerging merchant class was eager to breach the tariff restriction. Some Commerce Guilds bought special permission of tariff exemption from feudal lords. Therefore， free ports and free cities were founded based on such franchise. With the enhancement of European Monarchial Power and the decline of Feudal System， European local tariffs had developed into modern national tariffs which were more systematic and standardized. After the opening of new sea routes， rapidly accumulated commercial capital promoted the unification of domestic markets around Europe and the formation of overseas markets. With European capitalism expanding into the whole world， some countries in advantage positions began to open their port cities or harbors in their colonies as free ports or free trade zones to promote external trade. After World War Ⅱ， the development of economic globalization， trade liberalization and regional integration created a favorable international environment for free ports and free trade zones. New free ports/zones were established worldwide in new forms such as EPZs and SEZs， and existing free ports continuously improved themselves to adapt to new international trade rules. Compared with other regions focusing on the vast construction of new free ports or free trade zones， the EU put more emphasis on the enhancement of efficiency. The environment of European free ports has changed a lot owing to the foundation of European Customs Union，European single market， as well as multilateral and plurilateral trade agreements signed under the rules of WTO. The publishment of New Union Customs Code by EU in 2008 put an end to the tariff exemption privileges in European free ports. The close of free port zone in Hamburger Harbor shows the fading of free ports in Europe. Though it seems to be an inevitable outcome due to international trade liberalization and the European tariffs integration， free ports’ function and form will still evolve as long as the international tariff， non-tariff barriers and national customs security threats exist． From an innovative perspective， the evolution of free ports will be regarded as a historical process and be analyzed in the international system. We try to reveal the correlation between free ports evolution and European tariff system transition， and outline the development trend of free ports with methods of historical analysis and system level analysis. As the interactive relation of the elements within the international system facilitating free ports’ evolution is also an important complementary， related research can be conducted on the next stage. With regard to further work， the study of the correlation between the world free ports and the existing international systems and national institutions， especially international trade order and modern customs policies can be non-negligible topics．
This paper examines the causal relationships between investor attention and market return， using the residual bootstrap Granger non-causality test and a fixed-size rolling-window estimation approach. After comparing multiple indicators， we choose Hexun Attention Index as proxy indicator for investor attention. In order to retrospect the historical data， we develop a VBA program for web data extracting， and the final data sample covers the period from March 10，2009 to October 31, 2013. The full-sample bootstrap-LR test suggests the existence of a unidirectional causality running from market return to investor attention. Whereas， the parameters stability tests unveil that both the short-run and the long-run relationships between investor attention and market return estimated by full-sample data are unstable over the sample period， which in turn suggests the results of full-sample causality tests are unreliable． Hence， it motives the application of bootstrap rolling-window estimation to revisit the dynamic causal relationship between the two variables. The results indicate that investor attention has a significant effect on market return among some sub-samples， but over time such causality connection becomes weak. While market return has a great impact on investor attention in the rolling-window model， which is similar to the full-sample tests. Especially during 2009 and 2010， a vast majority of the sub-sample test results show that the market return is Granger cause of investor attention. Meanwhile， we average the estimated coefficient of VAR model of all sub-samplesto measure the mutual impact degree between investor attention and market return. The results confirm that the effect on market return by investor attention is negative， namely， high investor attention will lead to low market return. And market return has a significant positive effect on investor attention. At last， we adopt Hurst index to analyze the possible reasons behind the change of dynamical relationships between investor attention and market return. We find that it is the improvement of market efficiency that cripples the negative influence of investor attention on market return. It can be seen that predicting market trends and getting excess returns via investor attention index will gradually be impossible in the future. What’s more， with the volatility of the A-share market falling， the positive effect of market return on investor attention is also fading. The creative points of this paper lie in: （1） using statistical data scraped from large financial website as an indicator of investor attention， which can minimize the measure bias; （2） the application of rolling-window estimation approach allows us to study the dynamic relationships between investor attention and market return. On the other hand， without establishing a dynamic window model based on listed companies’ data and shorter sample span limit the depth of this study．
· CNKI · Wamfangdata
