Industrial associations across China are bound by the policy of ″one industry， one association.″ The administrative regulation prescribes that additional industrial associations with same or similar business scope as the existing one are not allowed to be established in the same administrative district. Taking into consideration the differences between industrial associations and other ordinary groups or clubs， we propose a model of the relation between the size of an industrial association and its performance in providing collective goods， and it indicates that the latter is constrained by the former. Empirical data confirm that this theoretical conclusion derives from the model. So， the principle of ″one industry， one association″ limits the number of industrial associations in a certain industry， and the optimal size of an industrial association limits the number of members that can be enrolled in an industrial association. Because of these two constraints， some enterprises in the industry that contain a large number of potential members cannot join the current association without affecting its performance， neither can they set up a new association to supply collective goods for themselves， thereby affecting the supply and consumption of collective goods in the industry.
However， the removal of the principle of ″one industry， one association″ will cause industrial associations to operate as clubs and fall into the strong control of their members. In the context of ″one industry， many associations，″ associations are likely to be free riders on providing collective goods which benefit the whole industry. Correspondingly， industrial associations will transform themselves into clubs from original industrial organizations representing the interests of the whole industry. The more associations act as clubs， the more excessive attention will be paid to the internal interests of the associations rather than to the whole industry. Accordingly， interest representation by industrial associations will be fragmented. In addition， the competitive environment resulting from the principle of ″one industry， many associations″ will probably lead to associations overdependence on their members. As a result， associations will to some extent lose their ability to integrate interest appeals of their members and to pursue the interests of the industry as a whole.
To overcome problems caused by industrial associations transformation towards clubs in the new institutional context of ″one industry， many associations，″ appropriate industrial association system needs to be set up when the administrative regulations of industrial associations are modified. If the system of industrial associations can be set up to integrate interest appeals of all industrial associations and to supply collective goods which benefit the whole industry， the deficient performance of public functions and the fragmentation of interest representation caused by the transformation of the operational logic of associations can be avoided. To avoid excessive control by members， and to obtain independence relative to their members in some degree， industrial associations need to find ways to restrict the influences of their members by means of undertaking certain functions transferred to them by the government and selfimprovement， and develop into a balanced status among the members， the government and themselves so as to avoid member manipulation， political dependency and corporatization. Industrial associations will therefore realize selfgovernance through structuring their internal balance mechanism and establishing an operational mode.

As an important part of elderly welfare system in China, the research, construction and development of funeral service system should not be neglected due to traditional Chinese funeral taboos. Without sufficient theoretical analysis, previous researches have not systematically investigated the characteristics of funeral service. This paper attempts to make up for the deficiency, taking the fourdimensional features of funeral service as its theoretical guidance for the research on Chinese funeral service system.  According to welfare pluralism, the funding sources of funeral services should be diversified. In China, such methods as government financial subsidies, reduction and exemption of taxes, and the establishment of an incentive system to promote social donations should be adopted to provide financial support for funeral service. Other channels like subsidies, government procurement of services and the financial support from the basic pension system should be employed to provide financial guarantee for funeral service. Funeral service industry is a natural monopoly, and the funeral service market is characterized by information asymmetry. The formation of governmental interest groups seriously harms the publicwelfare nature of funeral service, which is the inevitable result of unreasonable control and operation monopoly by the government. The Chinese government should convert funeral service agencies into social welfare organizations, establish reasonable funeral service management and operation systems, give full play to the roles of government departments, social organizations, social opinions and the masses, build an extensive information network of funeral service to optimize its management and operation, and expand the scope and the scale of basic funeral service to improve its welfare level. Funeral service is related to culture and emotions. As to the poor cultural guidance of the funeral service system, great attention should be paid to funeral culture. The provisions of the system should not be far ahead of the status quo of the current funeral culture. Otherwise, it would bring disharmony to social development, do harm to the interests of the people and hurt their feelings. On the other hand, the provisions should be moderately ahead of the current funeral rituals in order to guide the reform of funeral service system. As to the insufficient fairness of infrastructure construction, we should make the following efforts. First, strengthening the construction of funeral homes and public cemeteries for grassroots and in poor areas by adopting a special transfer payment mechanism and increasing public investment. Second, stressing the equality of government officials, celebrities and the masse by decreasing the number of urban commercial cemeteries, promoting the construction of urban welfare cemeteries, and regulating the operation of rural public cemeteries. These measures help realize the fairness in sharing the funeral service infrastructure. The construction of a legal system plays a fundamental role in the healthy operation of the funeral service system. As to the weak authority of the regulations for funeral services, the Chinese government should issue a Funeral Act and specify detailed implementation rules. In case of violation of funeral laws, the law enforcement personnel should strengthen education and guidance to ensure strict law enforcement and prosecution of lawbreakers and to achieve the authority and formality of funeral laws and regulations.

The university fundraising system is an organic system constituted by a series of beliefs, rules, regulations, routines, procedures and norms of conducts which have gradually been developed and formed in fundraising practices in promoting academic and educational excellence. To some extent, the university fundraising system and its level of development exemplify the modern university as an ″axis″ of the society in actively integrating into the society, joining the market, and strengthening its selfdetermined awareness and enterprising attitude. The rationality for the university fundraising system in the context of mass higher education lies in the following three reasons. The first one is that realizing the functions of the modern university requires developing the university fundraising system. Because of the increasing openness of the modern university, the realization of its functions has to rely on the exchange of resources and information with the external environment. University fundraising includes a series of fundraising practices such as relationship cultivation, solicitation, donation, and endowment investment management. In these fundraising processes, the university establishes partnerships and friendships with donors from outside the university. This promotes the linkages, interactions and exchanges between the university and the outside world. The second reason is that the transformation of the nature of higher education has provided a basis for developing the university fundraising system. This system is in line with the internal logic of the transformation of higher education from public goods to quasipublic goods. It is inevitable that higher education calls for a costsharing and compensation system, and it is an implementation mechanism that alumni, corporations, and social organizations directly give back to the university through charitable donations. The third reason is that the evolution of the model of higher education management has provided a favorable environment for developing the university fundraising system. The government has transformed from its ″all capable″ role to a navigator. The universitys legal status has been established. The post of the university president is professionalized. The model of business management characterized by competition, efficiency and assessment is widely used. All of these have provided basic conditions for developing the fundraising system regarding fundraising subjects, objects, mechanisms, leadership and fundraising team. Chinas mass higher education started late, experienced rapid development, but is based on a low economic level. In 2001 and 2011, the significant increase in the total fiscal input still lagged far behind the scale expansion in higher education. Nonfiscal funds have continually increased in ratio, but were almost entirely due to the rapid growth of tuition and fees. The ratio of tuition and fees in China is even higher than that in developed countries. On the contrary, the ratio of social fundraising incomes has continually decreased and is almost negligible. The university fundraising system started late and developed slowly due to internal and external factors such as the cultural environment, social morality, policies and regulations, reputation of university and leadership philosophy. However, the root cause is the traditional concept and misconception that it is unnecessary for universities to raise funds because the government should pay for university expenses, that university fundraising is a kind of educational privatization. To develop the university fundraising system, it is urgently necessary that government departments and universities should emancipate minds, transform traditional ideas, take their responsibilities and make joint efforts.

Logic has been playing an important role in philosophy over the past hundred years. This role has been reflected not only in their increasing inner relations in theory, but also in the close relationship between logic and the Vienna Circle, logical positivism and analytical philosophy in practice. Logic and philosophy are mutually independent. Logic addresses itself to the study of consequence relationship while philosophy addresses relatively more open and general issues. Logic and philosophy are also interdependent. Logic depends on the basic presupposition of philosophy. Conceptual issues of logic can only be effectively dealt with by strictlytrained philosophical thinkers. Philosophy provides nourishment for the growth of logic. Quite a few causal attributions of logical development come from comprehensive philosophical issues. Philosophical issues of logic itself give impetus to the development of other areas of logic. On the other hand, philosophy depends on logic. Logic provides philosophy with precise technical terms and logistic systems to optimize and communicate philosophical discourse. Logic can be used in the discussion of philosophical issues by means of statement, clarification and derivation. The relationship between logic and philosophy can only be fully understood through language in both dynamic and static analyses. Dynamic analysis proclaims the historic significance of the interplay between logic and philosophy at the language level. Aristotle logic has the features of ancient dialectics. Medieval logic is featured by ontology and linguistic philosophy. Kant explained logic from the perspective of epistemology. Bolzano and Mill linked logic to methodology. Leibniz, Boole and Frege developed mathematics in logic. Around 1900, modern logic began to have its philosophical motivation. Several philosophical principles (e.g. logicism and Russells misleading form thesis) built up on the basis of ideal logic were proposed. Thereafter, Carnap and Hempel started scientific philosophy in logic, and Wittgenstein and Austin started a ″Natural Language Turn″ in philosophical analysis. Hintikka, Geach, Kripke, Rachel, Lewis, Montague and Stalnaker extended logic to the analyses of modal, time, knowledge, responsibility, action and counterfactuals. The structure of the linguistic interaction between logic and philosophy emerges in static analysis. We may examine such interesting philosophical issues as the logical structure of natural language, the metaphysical relationship between the whole and its parts, the jurisdiction of faith and code of conduct, etc., go on to describe the logical mathematical structure which shows the features of these objects, and study these objects by examining their structure.

As a nominalist, Buridan insisted that there is no place for universal things in his nominalist ontology and logic. Every thing in the world is singular; and everything that exists is numerically one and undivided. Indeed, a genus in this way is also one singular term, insofar as it exists just as singularly in my understanding or yours, or in my voice or yours. This nominalist ontology entails that any proposition should be existent by token, whatever they are spoken tokens or written tokens. If the tokens disappear, all the corresponding terms or propositions will disappear, and any proposition that consists of such tokens will be false. However, the existence of proposition token is not the truth carrier for a proposition, neither does the signification of a proposition decide its truth conditions. Any proposition token has two types of significations classified into intramental signification and extramental signification. But the intramental signification obviously does not provide the condition for the truth since its presence is just the precondition of the meaningfulness of the corresponding spoken proposition, and neither does the extramental signification can serve to determine the truth conditions, for the contradictory propositions, having the same categorematic terms, always have the same extramental signification (the syncategorematic terms cannot have extramental signification by themselves). Therefore, it is not sufficient to deal with significations in assigning the truth conditions of a proposition, we have to take into account the suppositions concerned, namely, the cosuppositting of the terms of a proposition from which we can assign the truth conditions of a proposition in terms of the cosupposition (or noncosupposition) of its categorematic terms. According to such semantics, Buridan can consistently handle Liartype paradoxes that are undoubtedly semantically closed sentences. To be sure, Buridans theory of semantics takes the correspondent token of a proposition with reality as a necessary, but not sufficient condition for its truth; the extra conditions he requires are the existence of the proposition we evaluate and the satisfaction of its ″virtual implication,″ i.e., basically, that our proposition in question would fall within the actual extension of a truthpredicate (is true) in a proposition that states its truth, if such a proposition were to be formed. Based on this, given the classic Liartype paradox ″What I am saying is a lie,″ we get: ″What I am saying (A) is a lie″ is true, if and only if  (a) this proposition token exists, as it obviously does since I have typed it here;  (b) its terms cosupposit (obviously, the intended reference of the subject (A) here is this token itself, and the intended import of the predicate is that this token is not true), i.e., ″A is false″ cosupposit;  (c) and that if A refers to this token, and this is obviously not problematic since this is a semantically closed sentence, then the terms of the proposition ″A is true″ cosupposit.  However, (b) and (c) cannot be satisfied together, so the original token cannot be true. Therefore, there is no paradox, the evaluation coherently deems the original token not to be true, but to be simply false. Actually, Buridans token based and semantically closed logic which focuses on the virtual implication of a proposition can serve as a general apparatus or device to avoid Liartype paradox. When the terms of an affirmative proposition can cosupposit in a possible situation without placing the proposition itself among what the term ″false″ supposit, Buridan can be sure that the proposition in that situation is true, provided its tokens exists in that situation. By contrast, when the cosupposition of its terms places the proposition itself among what the term ″false″ supposit, Buridan can also be sure that its virtually implied proposition cannot be true, and hence the original proposition cannot be true either. This procedure is entirely effective to resolve any Liartype paradox.  Definitely, Buridans solution to the Liartype paradoxes is totally natural. That is to say, he can consistently handle Liartype paradoxes in a semantically closed language without the Tarskian distinction of object language and metalanguage, he merely appealed to the natural language with purely natural analysis that is close to the regular thinking methods of common people.

The research on the historical documents of contemporary Chinese literature has long been neglected, which has directly affected the construction and development of the discipline. This phenomenon is inevitable, considering the various factors in history, reality, research subjects, etc. that have exerted their influence on the research. Firstly, the research on the historical documents of contemporary literature is faced with the pressure from history. Since contemporary literature has long been subjected to the literaturepolitics ″integration,″ the production, preservation, dissemination, discovery and interpretation of historical documents have been greatly influenced and regulated by political ideology, and the case was especially true in the first three decades (1949〖CD*2〗1979). On the other hand, the historical documents which have secured a place in the political ideology arena may have strong subjective assumptions. What is worse, some even confuse right and wrong. The historical documents and their research in the new era (after 1979) have not yet completely broken away from the control and influence of ideology. Some of them involve sensitive issues and have been sealed in the archives, and the long delay of disclosure leads to a number of artificiallyconstructed blanks in historical documents. Secondly, the ″openness of postmodernization″ of contemporary literature brings brandnew issues to its historical documents. First of all, although new technology has been introduced to facilitate document storage, retrieval and sorting, it has also challenged previous approaches, expediting the shift from the traditional textual criticism to modern historical document science. Next, under the influence of marketization, some vulgar historical documents are just intended to appeal with sensational content, blurring the distinction between serious research and public entertainment. This finds evidence in the composition and even fabrication of private historical documents without any careful research, as well as the vulgarization and renarration of ″Red Literature.″ Finally, in the context of globalization, the research, preservation and distribution of literature in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas should also be an object of study and become an important part of the historical documents of contemporary Chinese literature. Thirdly, research subjects are the ultimate causes of problems in the research of historical documents. The lack of awareness of the importance of historical materials in contemporary literature is intimately related with the ″pantheorization″ in 1980s. This ″intransitive″ trend (historical documents) played a dynamic role in the ″theory mode；″ 〖JP2〗meanwhile, it intentionally or unintentionally contributed to the academic orientation of overinterpretation and underempiricism. 〖JP〗As a consequence, academic research is diverged considerably from the realistic context and is heavily reliant on the excessive import of western theories, which is partly responsible for the fickleness in contemporary literature research. To promote and develop the discipline, it is necessary for researchers in historical documents to reflect on and improve their subject cognition and literary qualities.

This paper presents a research of the intercommunications from three aspects between Chen Yinque and the circle of Occidental Sinology in the first half of the 20th Century according to Chens life chronicle and letters. Firstly, familiar with the occidental sinologists, Chen made accurate evaluation of them who, on the contrary, did not think highly of Chen. Secondly, in the construction of modern Chinese academic system, Chen adhered to both Western modern academic learning as measurable standards, and deep influence of the particularities of Chinese tradition, thus exceeding pure academic research and rising to a high level of a reconstruction of Chinese modern cultural system and recurrence of Chinese brilliant culture. Thirdly, three different levels of influences that Chen received from the occidental sinologists have been reviewed.  The first level is that he emphasized on linguistic study and considered language as a representation of ethnic culture and spirit, taking language as the starting point to make comparative study of Chinese and Western cultures. The second level is that he abandoned the hot issues that were central to the occidental sinologists and turned to Chinese ancient history and literature for study in the beginning of the 1930s. What accounts for this change, generally accepted by the present academic circle, is that since he did not have close contact with the occidental circle of sinology after he returned to China, he could not make sure that his study kept pace with the foremost academic achievements in the occidental sinology. Among the reasons is that he was not highly acknowledged by such celebrated scholar as Paul Pelliot. Nevertheless, his evaluation on the Chinese academic research and his appeal to establish a modern academic system was obviously built on the principles established by the Western academic circle. The third level is that he was cognizant that the Chinese should make a thorough analysis of the attempts made to learn from the West and foreign influences including the study by the Western sinologists after going through the social turbulences in the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, Chen could assert his original views on the two basic issues: what to learn and how to learn, which was not only related to his deep and broad personal thoughts but also to the long subtle influence he received from the occidental sinologists.

Literary geography, a subject that has attracted Chinese critics attention since the late 1980s, offers an avenue of enquiry into the relationship between literary studies and geography. There are two major subfields of geography: physical geography and human geography. Physical geography studies landforms and geographic patterns of water, species distribution, climate and natural disasters. Human geography includes the study of politics, economy, culture, education and religion with an emphasis on the relations of and across space and place. Literary writings reflect the influences of both physical geography and human geography. In this paper, the relationship between regional climate and literature is discussed. The most notable feature of climate is its diversity: variations in regions and variations over time. The features of climate determine that of phenological events: in others words, the spatial and temporal changes of phenological events are related to variations in climate.  The climate distinction between South China and North China is chiefly determined by latitude, which brings about the variations of phenological events, and differentiates the characteristics of poetic writings from north to south. For example, the poem ″At a Borderfortress″ by Zhou Pu who lived in North China, features quite differently from ″Road to Lingnan″ by Zhu Qingyu who lived in South China, though they are sharing a similar topic. Because of the influence from the monsoon winds, temperature distinction between the East and the West is bigger than that between the South and the North. Such a climatic distinction from east to west and accordingly the diversity of phenophase were already perceived by our ancestors. The different features of Chen Shens poem ″A Song of White Snow in Farewell to FieldClear Wu Going Home,″ Lü Weis ″Memories of Changan: Twelve Poems No.8,″ and Li Pos ″Journey over Changgan Bridge″ well reflect such distinctions and diversities. Besides longitude and latitude, variations in land elevation also contribute to the climatic differences. The different features of Li Pos ″At a BorderFortress″ and ″Ballads of Four Seasons: Summer″ provide an example of the diversity of climate and phenophase as affected by altitude.  Climate and phenological occurrence change in historical times. Such temporal differences also play a part in the poets perceptions of regional experience, which can be evinced in classical Chinese poetry. For example, Yuan Zhens ″Writing about Qujiangs Autumn to Echo Letian (Bai Juyi)″ and Su Shis ″Apricot,″ which were written in the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty respectively, may well reflect such differences. The former indicates that there were plums in the Guanzhong area (the middle part of Shanxi), while the latter indicates none.  By studying the regionality of climate, phenophase and literature as well as their interactions, we are able to understand the relationship between literature and the geographical environment from a very unique perspective.

The Qing Dynasty is a prosperous period in the history of fu criticism. It made significant achievements in ancient-style fu's theory (古体赋论) and rhymed fu's theory (律体赋论), and completed respectively the construction of a theoretical system in these two fields. The fu criticism of ontology and origin, the comment of fu development history and artistic features fully demonstrate integrated characteristics of the times. From the development process of fu theory in the Qing Dynasty, it could be divided into the following stages: revival in the Kangxi and Yongzheng period (康雍时期), prosperity in the Qianlong and Jiaqing period (乾嘉时期), inheritance and turn in Xianfeng and Tongzhi period (咸同时期), reverberation in Tongzhi and Guangxu period (同光时期). What is particularly important is that ten monographs on fu (赋话著作) were written in this period, such as Pu Xian's（浦铣） Fuxiaozhai Fuhua(《复小斋赋话》), Li Diaoyuan's（李调元） Fuhua(《赋话》), Lin Liangui's（林联桂） Jianxinglu Fuhua(《见星庐赋话》), and so on. However, with the decay of the Qing Dynasty and the decline of testing fu in the Imperial Examination（科举试赋）, rhymed fu theory, though seemingly very prosperous, actually had already been at a low ebb, and theoretical criticism became less and less. In such a situation, Dai Lunzhe's Han Wei Liuchao Fu Zhaiyan Pushuo 《汉魏六朝赋摘艳谱说》) became the most important one of the works on fu criticism in the late Qing Dynasty. Dai Lunzhe's Han Wei Liuchao Fu Zhaiyan Pushuo , with the couplet criticism（摘联批评） as the center, connects all aspects of rhymed fu , such as fu's differentiation, examining the topic, structure, the first sentence, words, tones, syntax, colors, style, and so on. This is the inheritance and surpassing of fu's techniques（赋法）since the Tang Dynasty. Although criticism of the syntactic structure was mentioned in a variety of books such as Fuge （赋格）and Fupu （赋谱）since Tang and Song Dynasties, continued even to the some scholars' discusses in the early and middle Qing Dynasty, no one but Dai Lunzhe made such a systematic and detailed analysis on the syntactic criticism of fu . It was Dai Lunzhe who made fu's syntactic theory the most complete and systematic as it was. This is not only a result of referring to poetic techniques, but also the requirements of the testing fu in the Imperial Examinations. Dai Lunzhe's discourse on the fu techniques is not merely an embodiment of fu's style and format which changed along with the progress of times（因体代变）, but also shows the integration trend of ancient-style fu and rhythm fu and the idea of benefiting the society（经世之意）. This could be described from two aspects. First, Fu selections in Han Wei Liuchao Fu Zhaiyan Pushuo , always related to the quaintness（古致）, vitality (气韵), demeanor（风神）, the value system of fu, spirit of benefiting the society（致用精神）and historical criticism. Second, as for the fu's criticism, Dai Lunzhe emphasizes fu's simplicity（简雅）, emotional momentum（气势）, naturalness（自然）, merging of ancient-style fu and rhymed fu (古律融合), while pays less attention to rhythms, sounds and colors. This is both an inheritance to the differentiating and integrating of ancient-style fu and the rhythm fu from his predecessors, and an inevitable expression of the idea of benefiting the society which was in its last days. This article explains the theoretical connotation of Han Wei Liuchao Fu Zhaiyan Pushuo from two aspects, the rhymed fu theory's construction and ancient-style fu theory's respect. It brings forth new ideas by literature documents and close-reading methods, while in terms of the syntactic theory merging the ancient-style fu into rhymed fu and benefiting the society.

In the Late Qing and the Republic of China, scholars had developed different paths in transforming traditional academics and bridging SinoWestern and oldnew in the context of the evolution of Classical Studies and Historiography. Two distinct schools of Confucianism came into being in the Republic of China: one was the historical ″Guwen″ represented by Zhang Taiyan and his students, the other was the philosophic Jinwen represented by Liaoping and his students. With the aggravation of the National Calamity in the 1930s and revival of Confucianism, it was a common practice to promote Chinese culture and national spirits. Thus the transformation and practice of Confucianism became the focus in the discussion between the two different schools. During the dispute Meng Wentong and Li Yuancheng, Liao Pings students, argued with Zhang Taiyan and Huang Kan constantly about sinology and NeoConfucianism, ″Jinwen″ and ″Guwen,″ and ″Classical Studies″ and ″Historiography″ to clarify the origin and development of Confucian philosophy.  After a careful study of Qings academic history and looking into the relations between Dai Zhens philosophy and Xun Zi, Zhang Taiyan emphasized the unique significance of Dai Zhen in Qings Academic history. On the contrary, Meng Wentong and Li Yuancheng resorted to traditional sinology and Confucian theories to question the construction of Dai Zhens theory. Based on the examination of Examine Goodness, Li Yuancheng criticized Dai Zhens doctrine of Ethics, Desire and Goodness as a misunderstanding of Mencius. Based on Guwen and centreing around the separation of Confucianism and Buddhism, Zhang Taiyan stressed the reliability of the historical account of the Six Classics to respond to the Skeptical School and illustrated the ideological and cultural tradition of China in the past two thousand years. Li Yuancheng had developed Liao Pings theory and discussed with Zhang Taiyan the Rites and Spring and Autumn aiming to link ″Jinwen″ and ″Guwen″ and to reiterate the Great Righteousness of Spring and Autumn. Meng Wentong, through his study of the development of Confucian philosophy in Zhou dynasty, Qin dynasty and the two Han dynasties, attempted to find the succession of Confucianism and Menciuss thoughts, to analyze the philosophy of ″humanity and destiny，″ to interpret the controversies over Mencius and Xun Zi, to clarify the origin of sinology， and to challenge Cheng Zhu Confucian Orthodoxy. In short, Liao Pings students had constructed a Confucian system based on the ″Goodness″ of Mencius, theoretically paving the way for for Jinwen and Confucian historiography.  The school of Zhang Taiyan Huang Kan purported to explore the development of national cultures, focused on the language and history, and advocated the cultivation of mind and behavior. Thus, it had associated moral ethics with political and social pragmaticism and had started the practical academics of Classical Studies and Historiography. In contrast, Liao Pings students emphasized on constructing an dynamic interaction between the meanings of Classics, institution, and historical facts, carrying forward the ″New Confucianism of Qin and Han，″ and elucidating the revolutionary spirit of Jinwen and system design. Dispute of ″Jinwen″ and ″Guwen″ manifested the core difference of the academic interests between the schools of Zhang Taiyan Huang Kan and Liao Pings students. A clarification of their differences and disputes is of importance in interpreting the diversification of modern Confucianism and providing intellectual resources for the building of a nationstate or a civilizationstate.

Matthoeus Riccis change of clothing from the Buddhist robe to the literatis gown has been the focus of scholars attention at home and abroad, as it is regarded as a landmark event with significant symbolic meaning in the history of the cultural communication between China and the West. Taking a new and wider perspective, the authors attempt to add the following to the description of the event:  First of all, Matthoeus Ricci and other Jesuits had changed their images by changing the style of clothing for more than once. As a matter of fact, shortly after arriving at Mainland China, Michele Ruggieri, S. J. had accepted the local officials advice and put on the Buddhist robe. The pressures from the social environment and survival needs played a decisive role in the Jesuits decision. Secondly, Matthoeus Riccis changes of clothing should not be regarded as a creative action but a borrowed idea from other Jesuits in Japan. In that period, the church in China was subordinated to the church in Japan, so similar arguments about the change of clothing in Japan paved the way for Matthoeus Riccis action in China. In a sense, the change of clothing of the Jesuits and the arguments surrounding that issue were examples of the common conflicts between different religions and cultures. Thirdly, Mattheous Riccis decision to change their clothes into literatis gown 12 years after his arrival in China was not only the result of the internal conflicts surrounding the missionary polices among the different religious orders, but also of the covert personal connections and conflicts among the highranking Jesuits. The complex personal connections and feelings made the decision for the change of clothing take on implications beyond that of a simple missionary policy. Fourthly, among all the elments mentioned above, the key figure was Alessandro Valignano, S. J., the Visitor of Missions and the orders Superior of the Society of Jesus in the Far East, who directly issued the instruction for the change of clothing of Mattheous Ricci and other Jesuits, making it the manifestation and model of his Cultural Accommodation Policy. Finally, numerous evidences show that Mattheous Riccis decision to wear the literatis gown was not intended as an acceptance of or submission to the traditional culture of China, but to facilitate his association with Chinese literati and communication with the Chinese officials. In this case, the change of clothing was in essence some kind of successful image building, and served as a kind of passport or periapt for the Jesuits to do missionary work in China. It is this preaching method which was elaborated on by scholars for centuries as ″Blending and Supplementing Confucianism.″ However, this beautiful prospect was not the original idea of Mattheous Ricci and it never came true, remaining just an unrealizable myth.

Since the end of 1990s, Chinese cultural enterprises have generally preferred the direct financing modes of the initial public offering (IPO). However, this single and narrow mode cannot satisfy the middle and long term financing needs of Chinese cultural enterprises brought about by their sustainable development strategies based on the interrelationship among cultural enterprises. In order to promote the sustainable development of Chinese cultural enterprises, it is urgent to make a comprehensive analysis on the multilevel direct financing modes of cultural enterprises at different stages of their life cycle. Integrating the multilevel direct financing needs of Chinese cultural enterprises at different life cycle stages with the investment models of different types of investors on multilevel capital markets entering the culture enterprises is a new strategic approach for Chinese cultural enterprises to develop multilevel direct financing modes.  In recent years, when the direct financing mode of Chinas cultural enterprises at different stages of their life cycle is analyzed, there have been general multilevel trends with a few endogenous direct financings actting as the foundation and all kinds of exogenous direct financings as the main. The exogenous direct financing models have shown a trend of gradual abutment with the varieties of investment patterns by different investors on multilevel capital markets. As for the cultural enterprises of the initial and early growth stages, they mainly make full use of all kinds of the private equity capital of the informal capital markets, such as private corporate equity capital, venture capital (VC), private equity funds (PE) and cultural industry investment funds, etc. and secondarily rely on the debt capital (e.g. the SME private debt) of the informal capital markets. As for the cultural enterprises of their growth late and mature stages, they mainly adopt the rich public offering equities such as the IPO or the different refinancings and the various types of debt financings by the listed culture companies publicly issued in the formal capital market. Meanwhile, they also adopt the means of special private equity financing (e.g. PIPE) and debt financing (the securitized cultural assets with a stable revenue) as a supplementary means. As for declining cultural enterprises, they mainly focus on debttoequity swap and private mergers and acquisitions funds.  However, it is difficult for most Chinese unlisted cultural enterprises to absorb private corporate equity capital and private institutional equity funds such as VC, PE, as well as culture industry funds, etc. In order to solve this problem, on the one hand, we need to make great efforts to enhance the actual capital absorption capacity of cultural enterprises at early growth stages to attract private capital investors on informal capital market. First, we need to promote the earningsgrowth capability and the ability to resist risks of cultural enterprises. Second, we need to enforce the flexibility of various private capitals on informal capital markets where culture enterprises exist. On the other hand, we need to improve the market operation ability and efficiency of culture industry funds to fulfill their function of equities investment regression. Only in this way, the direct financing need of our Chinese cultural enterprises, especially that of the early and unlisted ones, could be fulfilled.

The moral confusion in contemporary journalism sometimes makes people feel at a loss about ethical norms. Then what are the essential moral principles in our daily life? And how to deal with the ethical dilemmas in communication? Let us turn to ethical theories or models for the right moral judgment and ethical conduct.  Researchers in media ethics have introduced some practical moral modes, including the ″Potter Box″ and the ″Bok Model,″ as possible criteria of conduct. ″Potter Box″ comprises four main steps: first, definition/facts; second, values (the merits of different values); third, principles (the code of ethics applicable to the situation); and fourth, loyalties (loyalty to whom?). The core of this moral reasoning model is to whom and to what values and moral principles ones loyalty should deliver. ″Bok Model″ consists of three steps: first, to consult ones own conscience; second, to find alternative ways to avoid ethical conflicts, and third, to ask the views of the people involved. This mode is discussionoriented. The value of these two modes lies in cultivating acceptable behavior through constant reflection and dialogue. However, their major defect consists in their neglect of moral content in the decisionmaking process, which leads to the difficulty of knowing where the real moral basis is and the eventual lack of sufficient moral justification for behavior due to endless disputes. Therefore, we need to pursue the real moral basis. Is there any kind of moral intuition based in the human brain guiding us so that we dont need to think about it when we act? Though the answer offered by neurobiology about moral sense is elusive, it provides us with new insights that moral values have a definite neurological basis. That is to say, facts and experiences in social ethics and human morality are indeed translated into physical storage in the human brain in biological and genetic senses. Finally, the discussion of virtue ethics has led us to propose the ″Moral Inquiry Model of Practice, Life and Tradition (MIMPLT).″ In the course of exploration, we raised the following three questions: First, what kind of social practice are we engaged in? Second, what kind of life shall we lead? Third, what common traditional interests do we pursue? Those virtues that can help us find the best answers are what we are after. The ″Pursuit of Virtue″ of MIMPLT can help us make decisions in general ethical choices, and offers us an open inquiry system with rich moral content as well. The analysis and comparison of the same case shows that MIMPLT can not only help us make a right decision but also let us know the reasons why we should make such a decision. With this model in mind, peoples morality will be truly developed. This paper concludes that the aim of human moral development is to connect virtue with action and that the establishment of reliable moral principles is a dynamic inquiry process involving the individual, the history and the society.

The historical period from the Han and Tang to Song and Yuan Dynasties witnessed a great shift in aesthetic style and its features. In particular, Song aesthetics distinguished itself from the buoyant and aggressive characteristics of Tang aesthetics by placing prominence on experiencing emotional pleasure and philosophical rationality in real life. In other words, aesthetics in the Song Dynasty moved much closer to the groundswell of life and leisure while maintaining the pursuit of rationality. People at that time were active in infusing aesthetics into life and finding worldly concerns in aesthetics, which gave rise to the integration of aesthetics and leisure culture. The intimate relationship between aesthetics and life resulted in the rise and boom of leisure culture in the Song Dynasty. This combination of aesthetics and life became a highly soughtafter trend. For instance, the Chinese expression wanwu shiqing(to experience emotional pleasure through leisure life) indicates that the purport of aesthetics is the bidirectional communication between art and life, reflecting peoples identification with leisure culture, the effort for selfamusement and the pursuit of detachment. With regards to the infusion of worldly characteristics into aesthetics and art in the Song Dynasty, we can find a clue in its poetry, Ci, paintings and gardens, room decor, tea ceremony, amusement, etc. Song poems feature the description of trivial things in everyday life, thus revealing the poets inner peace and serenity. Ci goes further in that direction by portraying the subtle charms of life. In Song paintings, the portrayal of ordinary life is blended perfectly into the natural landscape. Meanwhile, as more and more gardens passed into private hands, they were built in a way that was close to life, serving as a perfect shelter for both body and soul, and making a leisure life pattern possible. Men of letters in the Song Dynasty would model their dwelling design on gardens and adopt modest furnishings and household utensils. Teatasting in various forms was popular among scholars in the Song Dynasty, and its popularity obviously had much to do with the rise of leisure culture. In addition, scholars pursuit of emotional pleasure through amusement in the Song Dynasty was much more than pastime; it reflected their elitist taste in leisure. Considered as the ontology of life, leisure signified free life, returning to nature and experiencing self. It was people in the Song Dynasty who attached great importance to leisure which had long been regarded as triviality, and the view to live a leisure life obtained its unprecedented importance. Leisure and amusement were integrated with each other, so that the fundamental way to live a leisure life was to incorporate proper amusement. The objective of aesthetics and leisure for people in the Song Dynasty was to pursue the state above worldly considerations, which on one hand went beyond concrete object, and on the other hand exceeded such concerns as family background, failure or success, praise or blame, and right or wrong. The ultimate state above worldly considerations was actually the leisure of mind as an aesthetic state. The the Song Dynasty was a historical period during which the traditional Chinese leisure culture thrived and matured, and this was what made Song aesthetics special and different from that of Tang and all other dynasties. However, this important point has been ignored in the previous research into the aesthetics of the Song Dynasty. From the perspective of aesthetics in life and traditional Chinese Sages ontology, effort and spiritual state, the authors have undertaken a stepbystep analytical study on the purport and spiritual state of aesthetics in the Song Dynasty.

Backpackers in New Zealand and Australia have received much attention about their motivation, social cognitive and impact, market segment and other factors. However, little attention has been paid to emerging destinations like China so far. There are few qualitative studies on the backpackers. Empirical studies on Chinese backpackers motivation and related factors are thus needed. From the perspective of involvement, the uniqueness of tourists behavior can be better understood and the difference among tourists with varying involvement can be studied, which may help us grasp the core of travel experience. In this investigation, the relationship between motivation and involvement is explored using a sample of backpackers in China. This paper focuses on two aspects: (1) the measurements and components of backpackers travel motivation; (2) the influence of these components on tourist involvement. The empirical study was carried out among backpackers in China; and 246 valid questionnaires, which were designed through desk research and focus group, were obtained through field work and online survey. SPSS 19.0 and AMOS were applied for data analysis. The results are as follows. (1) Travel motivation is composed of 7 components presented in a 16item measurement scale, namely selfdevelopment, learning and experience, social relationship, visiting famous sites, escape and relax. (2) The loading factor of selfdevelopment motivation is 0.131 to attraction involvement, -0.201 to centrality involvement, 0.287 to selfexpression involvement; that of learning and experience is 0.788 to attraction, 0.944 to centrality and 0.361 to selfexpression; that of social relationship motivation is -0.102 to attraction, 0.275 to centrality. (3) As for differences of demographics, female backpackers are significantly more motivated by selfdevelopment and learning and experience than their male counterparts; backpackers of 36 years old or above are significantly less motivated by selfdevelopment than other age groups; backpackers with master or doctoral degrees are significantly not motivated by learning and experience; backpackers who travel alone or with tour pals are more motivated by learning and experience; backpackers whose travel endures more than 30 days display higher centrality involvement.

The village-level organization is one of the most important governing subjects in China’s rural areas. It plays an important role in the implementation of public policy and the management of regional public affairs. In order to eliminate the contradictions caused by the levy of agricultural tax, the government abolished agricultural tax in 2006, which has won praises from all circles of the society. However, it has changed the logical basis of village-level organization’s behavior, showing a phenomenon of departure from the goals of village-level organization in practice. Based on the review of relevant literature, we made a questionnaire survey on Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, Henan, Shanxi and Chongqing provinces, combined with case studies, summarized the five forms of functional alienation of the village-level organization in the post-agricultural tax era. Village officials often left their posts and went to work or live in the city. They embezzle collective assets and win village elections by the money. Evil forces rule the village-level organization and the relationship between village officials and peasants has centrifugal tendencies. Serious consequences follow. First of all, there is a serious lack of rural public service supplied and transformed stagnation of service-oriented organization. Secondly, the role of village-level democracy has declined and the interests of the peasants maintenance mechanism have fractured. Thirdly, the foundation of the village-level organization suffers more weakness, slackness and loss of credibility. Lastly, the legitimacy of the village-level organization is in question. Based on the theory of resource dependence, the reasons for the functional alienation of village-level organization in the post-agricultural tax era are the change of external environment such as financial resources and institutional system, the internal governance resources shortage problems, the administrative assessment under the pressure system and the increasing of a utilitarian culture. According to the strategic task of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party and the promotion to new rural construction, we give some advices to make the village-level organization return to its normal function: establishing the system of stable funds, enriching the governance resources of village-level organizations, promoting the public services, enforcing the responsibility of village officials, improving the “Sunshine Village Project”, establishing and perfecting the supervision system of village affairs, improving the structure of village-level organizations, establishing the village official exit mechanism, cultivating the rural public culture and modern civic awareness. Using questionnaire surveys and case studies, we grasp the current performance of the village-level organization, observed the functional alienation in the post-agricultural tax era, and put forward some feasible countermeasures. A limitation is that we were unable to follow different levels of economic development to classify the functional alienations of the village-organization in different areas.

The Chinese A-shares market witnessed a great reform of non-tradable shares in 2006. Until the end of 2011, most non-tradable shares had experienced expiration of lock-up. Insiders who were prohibited to trade can trade frequently now. Insider transactions have become a new phenomenon which attracts much attention. Some empirical studies have found that owing to lax regulation, insider trading in the A-shares market is prevalent and serious, with high trading profitability for the average insider. To curb the profitability of insider transaction, regulators require public trade disclosure right after the completion of trade. In the A-shares market, insiders, including directors, supervisors, top managers and shareholders owning more than 5% of total shares, are required to disclose detailed trade information within two days after trade completion, but no definite punishment is stipulated for delayed disclosure. This paper is an empirical study of the enforcement of disclosure policy based on top managers’ trading data disclosed by companies listed on Shanghai Securities Exchange. 15 percent of the transactions were disclosed with delay, but no punishment was imposed, evidencing the slack enforcement of disclosure policy. In comparison, strict sanction was imposed on insiders who had other illegal insider trades, such as short swing trade or trade during sensitive periods around the announcement of important events. Furthermore, opportunistic motives underlie insiders’ postponement of disclosure. Compared to timely disclosed trades, delayed trades have significantly higher probability of continuous trades and illegal trades, such as short swing trades and trades during sensitive periods. Besides, delayed trades can significantly predict future stock returns, indicating greater probability of informed trading. The evidence shows that when insiders embark on illegal insider trading, they always choose to delay disclosure. Why can disclosure delay reduce the exposure risk of illegal trades? As investors always focus on updated trades for new information and regulators are more likely to penalize the latest illegal trades, disclosure delay can, to some extent, shield illegal trades from the attention of investors and regulators. Under the legislative environment where strict enforcement on insider trading and lax enforcement on disclosure delay coexist, insiders may strategically reduce the exposure risk of insider trading and expand trading profitability through violating disclosure policies. An analysis of the economic consequences of disclosure delay shows that it negatively affects market price discovery. This paper has important implications for disclosure regulation. Due to the slack enforcement of disclosure policy, disclosure delay has become an opportunistic means for insiders to enlarge trading profitability and carry on illegal trades, and therefore has become a loophole of regulation, weakening regulation effectiveness. How do regulators and insiders interact? What is the internal mechanism of regulation policies and how does the enforcement of policies influence insider trading? These issues have long been the focus of academic attention. This paper is the first to analyze the impact of imbalanced regulatory enforcement on insider trading behavior.