Recently, there is an animated discussion as to how trade and environment regimes may need to be more closely linked in the post Kyoto world. Although a wide range of studies have been done on carbon emissions from the perspective of individual countries in international trade, few studies have focused on newly industrialized countries (NICs) and have analyzed carbon footprint(CF) within a multi-country framework. We find that there is a great carbon leakage from developed countries to NICs such as China. There is a separation between the production-based inventories and consumption-based inventories, which often underestimates the CF in developed countries. Furthermore, rather than transferring production processes from one place to another, we claim that the challenge for trade policies is to ensure clean technologies being used by carbon-intensive industries. In view of these positions, we suggest that CF should be calculated according to consumption-based emission inventories so as to effectively eliminate carbon leakage. We may establish regional trade agreements or environmental protection unions with varying types of trade preferences towards low carbon new technologies. By so doing, we can better realize global carbon emission reduction.

The government performance management is a unity of political and technical rationality, but at present, there is an obvious tendency that scholars pay attention only to technical rationality and neglect political rationality in the study of government performance management in the Chinese academic field. This can be easily demonstrated in the pursuit of self-consistencyas a management technology system, in the focus on the design and development of index system of government performance measurement through technical means, in the exploration into the government performance management mechanism with technical rationality instead of political rationality, and in the indulgence in seeking technical details. In future studies of government performance management, improvements must be made as follows: to strengthen the research of political rationality, to integrate the political rationality with technical rationality and to get rid of the short-sighted trap of research perspective under the guidance of technical rationality. On the other hand, a goal must be set for the study of ″big issues″ in government performance management, and greater importance must be attached to the local issues and efforts must be made to explore the mechanism of government performance management with Chinese characteristics. Furthermore, the related issues of government performance management must be explored from the systematic aspect of government reinvention so as to promote the transformation of governance mode.

'keyword criticism',put forward by Raymond Williams,opens a new window,which reflects the disciplinary development via the explanation of core terms.It also provides a brand new research paradigm,which enlightens the increasingly stylized and prejudiced literary research in terms of methodology.Since the 1990s,there has been a noticeable phenomenon of keywords in the field of literary criticism.The 'keyword criticism' has many new changes and advances at the level of critical practices.For instance,instead of focusing on the etymological review,the current 'keyword criticism' examines the derivation of keywords in the critical practices,aiming at the construction and development of literary criticism theory and relevant subjects.It embodies the tendency to emphasize the close connection between the critical practices and the corresponding literary text.Some breakthroughs are made in the system of compilation and the literariness is signified further.All these reveal a new direction for the development of the 'keyword criticism'，and also show its vitality and achievements in the context of the new era.While fully understanding the theoretical value of the 'keyword criticism',we should pay attention to some theory traps and practice paradoxes to avoid the transformation of political perspective,i.e.from the original onedimensional view to the only angle perspective.We should beware of keywords' hegemony and superficialness as well.

The concepts of China and 'Sifang(all sides)' during the age of The Book of Songs represent geopolitical thought of the Zhou Dynasty that China was located at the center of the world.This conceptualization is also reflected in The Book of Songs .The hypothesis that the 'Folk Songs of State Chen' is the most representative branch amongst the Southern China's folk songs can be proved by recognizing the territory of Southern China during the age of The Book of Songs .The interpretations concerning Zhounan and Shaonan in Maozhuan and Zhengjian inherited and extended the political memory of Emperor Wen of the Zhou Dynasty's moral governance,reflecting the thought which regards the Northern China as the cultural center.Maozhuan and Zhenjian's explanations of the 'Folk Songs of State Chu' neglected in The Book of Songs as well as the ignorance of the 'Folk Songs of State Chen',show that Maozhuan and Zhenjian's ideas deviated from the recognition of the Southern China territory during the age of The Book of Songs .This also represents the geopolitical thought of the distinction between Chinese and the uncivilized ethics.

This paper discusses the proposition that no narrative subjects or complete narrative structures exist in the hexagram and line statements since onetoone correspondence can be traced between each set of hexagram and line statements and their corresponding images in the context of divination.The hexagram and line statements are different from ballads in their narrative styles and communicative features.The paper also explores the statement that the meaning of Yao is distinct from that of ballad in PreQin period.Therefore，it is questionable to regard hexagram and line statements as the precursor of Chinese poetry.

Modern education publishing,especially the publication of textbooks,is an important driving force,as well as an epitome of Chinese education modernization.Wang Yunwu,a famous educational publisher and leader of the Commercial Press(the largest,first private-owned institution of educational publishing in modern China) for 25 years, never ceased his reflection and review on the educational publishing activities and undertakings of the Commercial Press.On the basis of a series of treatises and books,Wang Yunwu accomplished his masterpiece A Chronicle of the Commercial Press and New Education .With a unique perspective of the interactive relationship between the Commercial Press and modern Chinese education,and a stress on the peculiar status and function of modern publishing itself,the book cogently reveals the subjective consciousness of modern Chinese educational publishers represented by Wang Yunwu.It also serves as a typical and vivid case to help future publishers to observe and understand the interconnectedness and interactive relationship between publishing and education.

After Cao Cao occupied Hanzhong after suppressing Zhang Lu in 215,he immediately divided the Han River Valley into four prefectures (known as 'Jun') according to topographical features.Compared to the Hanzhong Prefecture which was located in the Hanzhong Basin,the other three ones,which were east of Hanzhong and were located in Xikang Basin and Exi mountainous area,were referred to as 'East Three Jun'.During the fight for Hanzhong between Wei and Shu States,East Three Jun was once occupied by Shu State for a short period and soon returned to Wei State again due to a general of Shu State—Meng Da's betrayal.Bordering on two hostile states in the west and south,East Three Jun held an important strategic position though its geographical and traffic conditions were a hinderance to military operations.Wei State,therefore,frequently regulated the administrative regionalization in this frontier area and sophisticatedly adapted to the changing situations.In this manner Wei State was able to achieve its strategic targets in this region,both in military affairs and to some degree in local development.

As the mission-driven organizations, nonprofit organizations rely on their employees to deliver the services that nonprofit stakeholders expect.The understanding of the issue what motivates people to serve in nonprofit sector rather than profit or public sector should precede the competitive strategies which nonprofit organizations adopt to enlist the desirable employees. The nonprofit sector has its own genealogy of employees and their service motivations are distinct from those for-profit and public sectors. Altruism is only one side of the nonprofit coin. Unlike the conventional frameworks of motivation theory such as the dichotomy between extrinsic and intrinsic motivators, the service motivation matrix categorizes individual motivation into four sub-types based on the service constraint level (Active versus Passive) and the service focus or orientation(Altruism versus Egoism). This matrix will increase our understanding of the underlying motivation for the explicit service choices of employees in the nonprofit sector and serve as a basis for future empirical analysis.

How knowledge management contributes to performance is a vital question in professional service firms(PSFs).Based on an organization knowledge creation theory,this paper integrates sociology and economics paradigms to propose a knowledge management model in PSFs.Evidence from 327 PSFs in China supports our theory.The results show that:(1)individual knowledge codification(i.e.individual knowledge structuring and individual knowledge externalization)is positively related to service performance,(2)organizational knowledge codification(i.e.organizational knowledge structuring and organizational knowledge externalization)is positively related to service performance,(3)the interaction of individual knowledge codification and organizational knowledge codification is significantly related to service performance.This study develops the organization knowledge creation theory and advances research on knowledge management in PSFs.

The regulation of American agricultural marketing cooperatives underwent three stages—the regulation of the traditional generation, new generation and limited cooperatives. The regulation of traditional cooperatives resulted from the conflict between the farmers' need to enhance their negotiating power and the structure of the equity joint venture. The regulation of the new generation cooperatives was the result of the conflict between the farmers' need to enter the food processing chain and the limitations of the traditional marketing cooperatives. The regulation of limited cooperatives was promoted by the conflict between the farmers need to enter the food processing chain with ″outside capital″ and the traditional marketing cooperatives. The Chinese legislation on the farmers' cooperatives is a big compromise with the reality. From the perspective of legislation theory, those pure farmers' marketing cooperatives featuring cooperative sales, those featuring cooperative processing, and the mixed farmers' marketing cooperatives may draw on the experiences of the traditional cooperatives, the new generation cooperatives, and the limited cooperatives of the United States respectively.

Capital provides strong support for the rapid economic development of east China,but significant differences are found in this region in aspects such as financial revenue and expenditure,fixed asset investment,FDI,overseas investment,and bank deposits and loans . Additionally,the economy in this region exhibits unbalanced growth due to different economic structures and foreign capital utilization . As shown by the results of empirical analyses,the capital flows differ significantly . Data on the bank deposits and loans in the eastern region indicate a net general capital outflow . The fixed asset investment per capita greatly promotes the regional economy,but the differences in the regional economic structures have led to different influences of financial revenue and expenditure and FDI on the economy . The differences between deposits and loans per capita haven't resulted in significant impacts on east China as a whole,which indicates the inefficiency of transforming savings into investments in the region . However,such differences are manifest in three districts in the eastern region .

Three questions are discussed and interpreted in this paper: What is leisure value，what are world class universities，and the relationship between leisure value and world class universities.Leisure value is the value of leisure per se，the meaning of leisure to life and the correct understanding between work and leisure.World class universities are those which have first-class faculty and have liberal spirit.In Ancient Greece，according to Aristotle，leisure is the aim of life，and the aim of education is to help people to make choices and enjoy freedom.So leisure is closely related to school and education.With the transition of society，leisure value and its role in our life have changed considerably.Moreover，its relation with school also needs more clarification.In brief，its three fundamental features of freedom，social interaction and creativity，which contribute to its close connection with schools especially world class universities, play an important role in the development of world class universities.

Externality can be defined as the influence of other people not involved in the contract on the contractor. Such a contract is an internal contract. The influence or control is realized through a contract reached by way of consensus. The aforementioned ″other people″ are not under the control of the internal contract, but have influence on the internal contractor, which must be realized by reaching the external contract with the internal contractor. The internal contract and external contract form a dual contract, which is universal. Under the condition of full withdrawal right, all contracts, including the internal and external contracts, are reached with the consensus of every participant through profit and cost calculation, including the contract reached by way of mutually agreed authorization for the purpose of reducing decision-making cost. The external contract, as the external selection factor, due to varied conditions, may protect the completion and stability of the internal contract or replace the participants of the internal contract, enabling them to withdraw from the internal contract and change it. Realization of such a withdrawal right, however, depends on whether the withdrawal effect is bigger than the withdrawal cost. Theories like public choice, cooperative gambling, bargaining and general equilibrium can also be used to explain the dual contract.

It has become increasingly prominent that the world's development models are facing up to a variety of difficulties and challenges since the international financial crisis. The Anglo-Saxon model has become more and more unsustainable because of enormous debt, over-expansion of the virtual economy, excessive laissez-faire and consumption. It has also become more and more apparent that the Rhine model is losing its competitive advantage in economic development because of high unemployment and huge welfare burdens,etc. Development models used by some Asia Pacific emerging market countries are also gradually facing some fundamental problems such as weak independent innovation，invalid export-oriented economic development strategy,etc. Development models used by some African countries have become obviously no longer adaptive because of poor infrastructure, massive debt, low savings rates and private investment rates. In the post-crisis era，it is a trend for countries in the world to adjust and improve or even innovate their own development models.

How to evaluate economic linkage effect of high-tech industry is the key to the development of high-tech industry.The evaluation index system of economic linkage effect of leading high-tech industry which is based on technical innovation dimension, industrial linkage effect dimension, economic benefit and social benefit dimension, can evaluate this linkage effect of different hightech industries. Judging from the evaluation, the development of leading high-tech industry can be properly considered, which range from electronics and communications equipment manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, medical equipment and instruments manufacturing, to electronic computer and office equipment manufacturing, aviation aircraft manufacturing. Meanwhile, studies on the formation process of high-tech industry suggest that the demand of the country, the industrial innovation and economic linkage effect are the essential elements. The main influential factors of formation process existing in the industrial innovation process include the policy system, the market system and the technology system. The paper concludes that more attention should be paid to institutional innovation, organization innovation and technology innovation in the development of leading high-tech industry.

With the arrival of the Internet Age and the increasing power of the media, online live broadcasts become a new landscape in the criminal trial. Online live broadcasts provide us with important data for analyzing China's criminal trial mode when the transparency of China's criminal trial is not adequate. The questionnaire survey shows that most people involved in the survey affirmed online live broadcasts as a new way of procedure disclosure. At the same time, many people pointed out some defects of online trials, such as too simple cases, too many factors of formalism. We can attempt to improve online criminal trial by normalizing the initial procedure, selection standards and specific rules of online live broadcasts. The survey explores some key ways of reforming China's current criminal trial mode from some profile, which include promoting the equal adversaries between the procurator and the accused, keeping witnesses being testified on court, protecting the rights of the accused.