Our world is currently experiencing the global economic crisis and this has consequences for people from different socio-economic backgrounds.In coping with the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis，governments in Hong Kong and Macau provided moderate forms of social protection packages to help those social groups who were suffering from poverty or unemployment in the post-handover period.With significant social and economic changes taking place in Asia，particularly after experiencing economic downturn in the post-1997 Asian financial crisis and post-2008 global economic crisis，people in Hong Kong and Macau have heightened expectations for welfare provision and social protection packages from their governments.Despite the growing needs for social protection after the Asian financial crisis in 1997，most of the Asian governments have not drastically changed their approaches in handling the increasingly complex social welfare issues.Thus it is not surprising to see many people still suffered from economic hardship，especially in the midst of food price crisis before the current global economic crisis broke out in October 2008.In the past few years，the Hong Kong and Macau governments have proposed a series of policies to target working poverty and intergenerational poverty.The comparative study of the social welfare development of Hong Kong and Macau may offer comparative perspectives in analyzing the social welfare and social policy responses in East Asia.

The article tries to approach the decentralization reforms of higher education from four aspects and draws the following conclusions. Firstly, the decentralization reform of higher education is a project of institutional innovation, and the project cannot avoid path-dependency, so there is no universal model for the reforms. Secondly, an effective legal regulation mechanism is required in the reforms and it needs to adjust with the conditional changes. The reforms should therefore be conducted in a gradual way. Thirdly, since there is a bottom line for decentralization, the national macro-regulation is necessary in the reforms. And lastly, the reform is not only decentralization of routine power but of financial power, and the principle of comparative dispersion of routine power and comparative centralization of financial power is followed.

With important significance in both theory and practice,'Declaration of Happiness in Prosperous Society'issued by the New Economics Foundation is one of the documents among numerous declarations.The historical background of the declaration and the evolution of human social life,taking place after the publication of the document,impel us to embrace a new revolution aiming at building a happiness society outlined in the declaration,which is what Adam Smith defined as the happiness revolution.The revolution is of great and lofty decrees and its goals is comprehensive,covering economics,politics and education.The stage for the revolution has already been set,and what it needs is a theoretical guidance.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out the happiness revolution in theory and create new social science systems based on the principle of taking eudemonics as a 'mother discipline'.Facing the new revolution,we should strive to build a harmonious society.It is not only the basis but also the essential requirement of a happiness society.

Aristotle's Theory of Happiness and Kant's Theory of Self-discipline belong to two different patterns.The former rethinks the code of conduct, judges its moral value in accordance with whether or not it has fulfilled the purpose and takes happiness as its end.The latter is an abstract and dialectical moral philosophical argumentation which dwells on the finalization of behavior and makes moral judgment by behavior-rooted motives and principles.However, Otfried Hoffe believes that they are interlinked and complementary as complete pattern of human behavior can only be accurately explained by combining them together.Otfried Hoffe's Moral Philosophy endeavors to integrate these two kinds of ethics.The discrepancy, in his opinion, lies in different behavior structures, namely the behavior pattern of pursuit and the behavior pattern of will.By recurring to the concept of absolute kindness, the same moral value they pursue, a combination of both can be achieved in moral philosophy and thus a conclusion is drawn that happy life lies on living in harmony with moral principles.

The survey data collected from individual investors indicate that about 46 percent of investors reported they felt happy from the investment in stock market. The overall happiness of life, age, investment return, and the amount of investment directly affect the well-being of investors from investment. The happier people consider themselves in general life， the more happiness they can get from their investment. There is an U-shape relationship between the investors' age and their happiness in investment. Both young and old investors get more happiness than middleaged investors. Long-run rather than short-run investment return has a positive effect on happiness. The relative amount of investment compared with the total family asset is positively associated with the investment happiness, while the absolute amount of investment is negatively associated with the happiness. In addition, cognitive bias, investment objectives, personality and other related factors can affect the investment return or the overall happiness in life, and they can indirectly affect the happiness in investment.

According to the empirical study of 123 sample data of Chinese enterprises, this paper examines how organizations culture affects enterprises' NPD performance and the mediating effects of market information processing, based on the perspective of grid/group culture model in the Chinese context. The results show that: (1) the group does not significantly influence the NPD performance while the grid has a negative one(2) the grid/group of organizational culture has a significant influence on the market information processing(3) the relationship between grid and NPD performance is fully mediated by market information processing, and lower grid can promote information acquisition process, information transmission process, conceptual utilization process, and then enhance NPD performance.

The complexity and uncertainty of technological innovation in the open environment often make firms fall into the dilemma of obtaining external knowledge resources or protecting core knowledge from the rivals. Besides, there is also a classical innovation paradox of protecting core knowledge and diffusing dominant standard, which is especially typical in the knowledge-intensive firms. Though much of researches have been done on firms' technological innovation, few are focused on what kind of organizational pattern for technological innovation is the most efficient. Based on the experience from the U.S. pharmaceutical industry, we find the spiral evolution of the organizational patterns for technological innovation from the integrated closed innovation model to the modular open innovation model. The pattern of modular open innovation can effectively use a variety of external knowledge resources, increase the efficiency of technological innovation, and reduce the D costs, which enable firms to avoid potential innovation risks when cooperating with external knowledge institutions, and finally solve the innovation paradox effectively.

Employee creativity has become one of the determinants that enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Studies have found that the organizational climate is essential for employee creativity; however, the mechanism through which the organizational climate affects employee creativity is still not well understood. The key to stimulating creativity lies in understanding the mental states of those engaged in creative work. Therefore, intrinsic motivation and mental involvement are both potential mediators of the relationships between organizational climate and employee creativity. An analysis of data obtained from 181 employees in various enterprises of Zhejiang province indicates that a supportive organizational climate is positively associated with employee creativity. This relationship was shown to be mediated by intrinsic motivation and mental involvement. These findings suggest that organizations should pay great attention to the mental states of employees while developing a supportive organizational climate in order to promote employee creativity.

With the development of modern theories of financial intermediation,there has been a breakthrough made in the study of bank loans to SMEs(small and medium enterprises).Foreign scholars have discussed the mode of bank operation based on asymmetric information,proving that banks have an advantage in information production,and bank loans can meet the funding demands of SMEs.Early literature has provided evidence of small bank advantage on the basis of relationship lending technology,while recent research shows that large banks can also tackle the issue of asymmetric information with transactional lending technology.The impact of market competition on lending technologies depends on the size of a bank as well as its organizational structure.However,conclusion has not been reached as to how competition affects the credit availability of SMEs.Though legal institutions obviously affect SMEs's funding,cross-country studies show that banks in both developed and developing countries are actively finding ways to solve SMEs' financing problems.More fruitful research can be expected in areas such as the combination of bank lending technologies,the impact of market competition and the bank loans to SMEs in transitional economies.

The external scale economy and congestion effects have been ignored in the city model of New Economic Geography for a long time, so that the crucial feature named externality is absent in the analysis of city size and urban spatial structure. This paper builds up a city development model based on internal scale economy, external scale economy and congestion effects, and analyzes the effects brought by externalities on optimal city size and urban spatial structure. Under the framework of New Economic Geography, our model shows that the externalities have important influence on city development. The numerical simulation shows that there is an inverted-U-shaped relationship between welfare level and city size, and the optimal city size will keep increasing if we enhance the external scale economy or reduce the congestion effects. With a growing population, rent rate and aggregate land rent grow more rapidly, and the monocentric spatial structure is no longer stable, but which style will come into existence is decided by the dimensions of external scale economy and congestion effects.

China's rural credit system faces greater risk due to the current character of agriculture, countryside and farmer, and the basic rural economic system. A more serious problem is the lack of compliance collateral in rural areas, so regular, effective credit risk controls in the city is not entirely suitable for the rural credit. However, rural social capital has an economic value, and can be involved in rural credit risk control, particularly as collateral. This idea has been widely used at home and abroad, especially in the most successful micro-finance model. China is rich in social capital in the rural areas and has endless development potentials. Some recommendations: take the new rural construction as an opportunity to reshape the ethical and trust networks in the rural areas; build a rural credit system; improve the credit record of farmers; improve rural infrastructure and service network to enhance communication skills of rural residents; support and standardize the rural cooperative organization and the development of private finance in the rural areas; encourage and support active participation of rural financial institutions to create a new type of rural social capital.

As the traceability system has the function of specifying potential liability and other characteristics, it is becoming popular and being adopted by many countries abroad. It will be an effective measure to guarantee vegetable quality and safety in the wholesale markets if we establish this traceability system in China. This paper reports on a study which examined traceability proportion differences when vegetables enter and quit wholesale markets, and then attempted to analyze these differences. Based on the study, the paper conducts a regression analysis of vegetable suppliers' behaviors, and offers some explanations of the regression results. The main conclusions can be stated as follows: First, the implementation proportion of vegetable traceability system is still not high in Zhejiang Province, and the vegetable suppliers are not highly aware of the concept of traceability and its system; Second, vegetable suppliers' behaviors are influenced by many factors which include vegetable acquisition channels, market admission registration, government detection frequency, years of dealing in vegetables, income proportions, relative operation size in the market, and the degree of understanding of the traceability system. Implications of the study are discussed regarding the improvement of the vegetable traceability system in China, which include active promotion of the construction of vegetable production base and cooperatives, and the improvement of the flow of wholesale format.

The centralized jurisdiction of administrative litigation is a system where administrative litigation cases usually tried by different courts are brought together to assigned courts in order to solve the urgent problems of unsatisfactory judicial environment, litigation cases shortage and personnel instability. The trial implementation of the centralized jurisdiction of administrative litigation proves that this system can achieve positive goals of rational allocation of judicial resources, higher judicial efficiency, optimal judicial environment, more judicial justice, more qualified administrative litigation judges and improved judicial trial. The centralized jurisdiction of administrative litigation is not only an attempt at judicial reform, but also a new mode of court jurisdiction, and should be approved as a new jurisdictional system by legislation.

Chinese discourse,in essence,refers to a specific system about terminologies,concepts,categories and speech of China.From the Opium War(1840) to the May Forth Movement(1919),Chinese academic discourse underwent a constructing process,from a scientific and technical discourse to a discourse of social sciences and then to a discourse of humanity.The development of academic discourse pattern in modern China can be generally divided into three phases: (1)from the period of the May Forth Movement to the founding of New China(1949), (2) from 1949 to the start of Reform and Opening-up(1978),and (3) the period after the Reform and Opening-up.The biggest problem of Chinese contemporary academic discourse seems to lie in 'Over Westernization',with little Chinese discoursal expression of cultural phenomena in China.To construct a system of China's contemporary academic discourse,it is necessary to study the Western discourse and develop the traditional discourse.However, based on the China's social and cultural development,the spirit of innovation is of utmost importance when we summarize and create our own terminologies,concepts and categories to construct our own criteria of the value system.

The 18th century British society witnessed subtle and profound changes in 'structures of feeling'.In the Age of Enlightenment, the aristocratic elite tried to coexist with the middle classes, overseas adventures pioneered colonial expansion, the grand tour and home travels developed and promoted each other, and the travel literature played an important role in the shaping of new structures of feeling which turned from the classical aesthetic ideal of symmetry and balance to sublime and grandeur, and from rationalism to sentimentalism.Continual travels wakened the traveler's cultural perception and sensitivity, stimulated his capability of empathy, renewed his cultural experience, and deepened his self-cognition.With frequent changes in time and space the traveler dodged all fixed roles and definitions, going further and further on the way of self-discovery and self-identification.With the passage of time, the growth of subjectivity in structures of feeling would find its next page and high tide in the approaching Age of Romanticism.

Genres are ways in which people get things done through their use of language in particular contexts or discourse communities. Studies of genres are often said to fall into three schools: American New Rhetoric (NR), systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and applied linguistics (AL). The research focuses of the three schools can be examined from the perspective of a text/context continuum, with NR falling toward the contextual end and SFL and AL toward the textual end. Despite divergence in theoretical origins and research focuses, analysts in the three schools, who view genres as dynamic and historical, all seem to have the goals of describing and explaining this situated use of language in context, aiming to probe into various ways genres and society are related. The present paper argues that the current studies of genres are generally approached from the social and cultural perspectives, supplementing a cognitive dimension to the current studies would be a worthwhile research direction. On the whole, the competition and evolution of the three schools seem to lie in the fact that they are mostly complementary, and this is particularly the case in the current practice of analyzing genres.

Language is not just a network,but a complex one.Owing to the lack of appropriate research methodology,the traditional network view of language is no more than a metaphorical comprehension.However,with the introduction of complex network theories,it is now plausible to conduct largescale empirical studies into language networks,which must be constructed upon solid foundations of linguistic theories.At the same time,complex network,instead of being treated as a metaphorical understanding of language,should be fully exploited as an efficient and effective approach in linguistic studies.The complex network properties not only reflect the stylistic and typological features of languages,but also provide valuable means to distinguish languages at various levels.While social network analysis can uncover the distinctive characteristics of language networks,complex network approaches can reveal the generality between linguistic system and other systems,social or natural.As a result,the integration of complex network approaches and social network analysis can contribute significantly to the quest for the underlying laws and properties of human language.

Based on literature review and case studies, this paper first analyzes the reasons for the slow enhancement of the innovation capability of Chinese enterprises. It then analyzes how the dynamics of strategies and organizations act on innovation capability. A dynamic system model is built up from this analysis. The simulation results of the model show that an important reason for the lack of innovation capability of Chinese enterprises is that their short-term performance goals erode their strategic goals. By setting lower performance goals to break the vicious cycle of performance and innovation capability, enterprises will form a virtuous cycle of mutual reinforcement. A more feasible method is that the enterprises, through adjustments and changes of the organizational structure and incentive system, set up a resource allocation principle which gives priority to capability so as to fundamentally ensure the priority of strategic objectives and quick upgrade of innovation capability.

Since 1990s, the privatization of ownership structures has greatly stimulated the growth of informal employment, which has produced a profound effect on the urban labor market. Although informal employees are usually faced with low wages, terrible work conditions and scarce social securities, there is no evidence that they are crowded into the low-grade market. The informal sector is not equal to the low-grade market and the labor market segmentation is also not deepened with the increase of the informal employment.