Natural resources , one of the most important elements in the process of economic development , are defined as pure production cost under the traditional economics in discussing impetus for development . Consequently , the role of natural resources does not receive enough attention .After the 1970s , with the establishment of new growth theoretical models , scholars began to study the reciprocal conditions for the harmonious development of economy and resources .Studies based on the exogenous growth model and the endogenous growth model are mainly concerned with three aspects :the finiteness of non-renewable resources ,theimpact of the progress of energy technology on economic development and the role placed by renewable resources in energy substitution and sustainable development .

Local government innovationisan important political phenomenon and a hot topic of theoretical study .Basedon Bibliometrics analysis ,Factor Analysis ,Cluster Analysis and Social Network Analysis , this paper analyzes the domestic research literatures on local government innovations . Research result reveals that four hot topics have been formed in the research field : the basic theory research on local government innovation , the local government innovation and government reform, local government innovations and government performance management , the motivation of local government innovation . According to the research result ,this paper then points out some likely frontiers of this research fieldin the future : the theory of government's innovation management , government innovation sustainability research ,the institutionalization of local government innovation and public service innovation research , which puts forward a framework on innovative public service and responsive public service after distinguishing dominant public demand andimplicit public demand .

Established by the Regan Administration , the National Endowment for Democracy (NED) is a product of theCold War .Though in the name of NGO ,its main source of fundsis the Congress of the United States . NED is the major agency of American foreign democracy assistance both during thecold War andin the Post-Cold War Era .Primarily through its four core agencies Center for International Private Enterprise , American Center for International Labor Solidarity , National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and International Republican Institute , NED's basic work is to promote democracy abroad .In addition ,it funds NGOs in the so-called authoritarian and semi-authoritarian countries to accelerate democratization . NED's activities in democracy assistance have a strong ideological background . Its main objective is to spread and export American-style democracy .In the name of an NGO ,NED often intervenes the internal affairs of other countries . At the same time , as a semi-official agency , NED is also working to serve the national diplomatic and security strategy .

Securitization is a very important category and a pivotal step for understanding the concept of non-traditional security and the extended connotation of security . The course of securitization of ecological issues is most striking . Through political and scientific agendas , it clarifies in practice how ecological issues have been upgraded from public ones to security ones and how the ecological values are objectively being threatened .At the same time ,it theoretically represents a third level to understand security , i .e ., the intersubjectivity outside the levels of objectivity and subjectivity , bringing security issues into a new state of interactions between 'security ,''sense of security'and'securitization'.

Global public health governance(GPHG) has become an increasingly prominent global agenda .Current international human rights regimes are directly or indirectly related to global public health governance . The human rights-based approach to global public health governance embodies a people-centered idea .It also reflects the principle of global justice . The efficiency of global public health governance depends to a certain extent on the degree of internalization of international human rights norms . As a pillar of international human rights regimes , International Covenanton Economic , Socialand Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is of great normative significance to global public health governance . However ,the role played by international human rights norms is constrained by their non-enforceability , the ambiguity of human health rights , and the discrimination of international human rights regimes on the part of developed countries .

Higher education institution (HEI) is among the formal academic organizations in society . However , at present there exist some problems concerning grassroots level academic organizations . As far as the structure and function of grassroots level academic organizations of HEIs are concerned ,issues include the monotony of kinds of organizations , insufficiency of authority on the side of teaching and research units as well as general professionals , poor arrangement and low performance in the case of teaching and research units . In order to deepen the reform of grassroots level academic organizations , disciplinary units within the grassroots organizations should haveevident andacclaimed primacy inafront-line task .Special status should be given to units and they become authoritative units within the organization and in the field of learning . In the case of relationship between grassroots and middle level organizations , there exist some problems such as excessive number of colleges , too much power for college-level administrators ,obscure definition of rights . To address these problems ,it is necessary to make good development strategies decrease the number of colleges , transfer some academic power to lower level organizations ,and regard thelaws and regulations as the basefor setting teachingand research units .In the case of high level organization administration ,deregulation and devolution are necessary .

In the initial stage of the Republic of China , the university academic profession was divided into the full-time teacher and the part-time teacher according to the teaching work load by the government .It was popular that the universities employed part-time teachers and that full-time teachers in a university held concurrent teaching jobs in other academic institutions . There was no obvious differences between full-time teachers and part-time teachers . This phenomenon was criticized by both international and domesticscholars .The universities and the government began tolimit part-time teacher employment . The academic circle paid great attention to constructing a boundary between the government position and the academic occupation . They limited a full-time faculty at a university from holding a concurrent government position .The universities restrained their full-time teachersfrom going out to hold concurrent teaching jobs while the government limited the universities from employing too many part-time teachers . In the later period of the Republic of China , full-time faculty positions increased gradually in the university academic profession . This course reflected that the universities shifted their attention on instructive efficiency to academic quality .

The development of internal debt into external debt andits issue under the guarantee of external debt is a major characteristic of government bonds issuedin Modern China .Thecause of internal and external debts is the costs and reparations of war . The modern capital imperialist aggression ,plunder and destruction resultedin a serious crisisin modernChina's economy ,leading to the financial difficulties of successive governments to the extreme .Internal and external debts were largely used to cover the huge fiscal deficit ,which concealed the deep-rooted contradictions in the operation of economy and resultedin a vicious cycleof debts .The transition of internal and external debts is a link in this vicious circle .

To carry out the noble family institution in Beiwei Dynasty , Emperor Xiaowen took a series of measures in the idea of the noble family institution which he believed continuously .The Election in Guangji Palace was a very important step among them .It was the significant political measure that Emperor Xiaowen adopted for re-arranging the officials who had moved to Luoyang and determining their official ranks . Its premise-'declaring the imperial decree of ranks'-was the imperial decree which determined the post-based rank of a family according to the family-based rank . It reflected Emperor Xiaowen's idea that a family's status in the noble family institution is determined in accordance with its post-based rank , the family's lineage-based rank is determined in accordance with its family status in the noble family institution , the rank in the idea of the noble family institution is determined in accordance with its lineage-based rank , and the social status and hierarchy is determined in accordance with the rank in the idea of the noble family institution .

Opinions on the origin of China's Lantern Festival have long been widely divided . The most influential opinions worthy of our attention are such three as originating from Emperor Han Wu when he offered sacrifices to Taiyi-God in the Han Dynasty originating from Taoism originating from Buddhism . This paper explores the origin of China's Lantern Festival from its time ,cultural connotation and folkcustom .In time ,China's Lantern Festival and the YuanriDay of the first month of spring in early ancient times are both lucky days in the first month of the lunar year . In cultural connotation , China's Lantern Festival and the ceremony of praying for grains on Yuanri Day both provide a chance for praying for a bumper harvest year .In activities , hanging lanterns during Lantern Festival and burning fires to pray for grains both indicate amusing gods with light . Therefore , the author believes that the origin of China's Lantern Festival , closely related with agricultural civilization , is the agricultural ceremony of offering sacrifices to gods in early ancient China ,with'praying for grains on Yuanri Day'as the source .

This paper analyses the static convergence and dynamics of regional income distribution in rural China . The convergence of income distribution during 1989—2007 is examined by kernel density estimation and Silverman's multimodality test . It is found that there's no statistically significant'twin peaks'convergence in the regional income distribution . However ,there exists a dynamic change in it . The results of factor analysis have the following two indications . First , between 1993 and1998 ,the change of wageincome and household businessincome resultedin the dynamic process of income distribution from'single peak'to'twin peaks', and back to'single peak'a gain .Especially , the change of household business income contributed to a'twin peaks'income distribution in the earlier stage and a'single peak'one in the later stage while the change of wage income always led toa'single peak'd istribution .Second ,thechange of wageincome had been the main driving force for maintaining'singe peak'distribution since 1999 . The impact of wage income on the income distribution could be decomposed into a distributional effect and a growth effect ,in which the latter ,namely the growth of average regional income ,was the key to maintaining the‘single peak’income distribution in rural China .

The system reform of counties under the direct provincial administration (CUDPA) has now become an important aspect of Chinese local administrative reform . Conditions for CUDPA could be listed as follows : A common understanding of the importance of reform , an appropriate scope of administration , a necessary economic foundation , a good technological guarantee , and the sufficient experience in experiments .SPSS was used in this study to process factors of the area size ,numbers of counties and cities ,per capita GDP ,index of marketization , level of electronic government , density of freeway , proportion of counties whose powers are expanded , months from the time of expanding powers ,26 provinces and autonomous regions can be classified into six types .In the process of reform , provinces with ripe conditions should take the lead ,setting examples for the others tofollow .Provinces whose conditions are not ripe should try their best to create conditions whereas for those provinces without right conditions will have to wait for a suitable time .

In his most important work De Jure Naturaeet Gentium ,Pufendorf establisheda broad natural law system , which comprised the universality , subjects and origins of natural law , its relation with positive law , the transfer of rights and obligations , the general rules on treaties , pacts ,property ,and the settlement of disputes , the theory of the nation , and the fundamental principles of natural law .Although in his book Pufendorf focused on natural international law ,he never intentionally overlooked the function of positive law in constructing international law ,and therefore his theory could hardly be defined as'extreme'. Pufendorf's theory of natural law and international law was years ahead of its time and had a profound and lasting influence on the development of international law . For this reason , it deserves the continuous attention of the scholars studying jurisprudence and international law and can be used as important reference material for the negation of negation of natural law and international law in the new century .

Transitional justice originally referred to how to deal with past human rights violations in countries which were experiencing transitions from non-democratic to democratic systems . After the Cold War and the upheaval in East Europe , this concept was further used to refer to how to cope with past atrocities in the aftermath of wars or conflicts . In recent years , some developed countries'governments take many reparation programs such as apologies and compensations to comfort the groups which were historically discriminated and repressed by dominating groups . These activities are also called transitional justice . The United Nations and the international community have devised various mechanisms of transitional justice , including prosecutions ,reparations , truth-seeking , institutional reforms , vetting and so on . In a word , transitional justice is a response to systematic or widespread violations of human rights . Transitional justice might not be understood as an ontological and special idea of justice , but a methodology to reconcile ideal justice and real politics . Moreover , what transitional justice emphasizes is neither an absolute justice idea nor a coherent justice model .

Outsideness was put forward by Bakhtinin hisearly studies of philosophi can thropology and it played a major role in his academic activities which lasted for half a century . Bakhtin practiced outsideness in most fields of the human ityandgained hispoly phonicnovel theory ,dialogism and carnival theory .It is valuable in philosophic anthropology , cultural studies and methodology . Meanwhile , his ideas of the theory of literature and art were imprinted by philosophic anthropology .It brought about a new methodology and academicfield of vision ,with a cost of neglecting the laws of literature .It is the reason why many of his conclusions are not self consistent .

Three literary texts of pilgrimage from the 14th to the 17th century , namely The Travels of Sir John Mandeville , The Canterbury Tales and The Pilgrim's Progress , built a three-dimensional space of pilgrimage-travel in English literature . These three texts span from the West to the East ,from the domestic to the exotic and from the interior to the exterior .They started a long narrative tradition where the Holy Land and alien miracles coexist , the Christian worldview and the pagan beliefs mirror each other , and the pious religious faith and the low profane desires intertwine . It is this tradition of British pilgrimage literature that exerted influence on and gave impetus to the rise of modern English travel literature with the gradual formation of its space imagination , subject consciousness , principles of cross-cultural communication and correspondingly its narrative strategies and structural patterns .In this sense , the pilgrimage literature may be considered the spiritual nucleus of English and European travel literature .

Levin has reached some results in her study on the classes of'put'verbs and their alternations .However ,some problems remain ,such as verb classification ,and the semantic correspondence between verb classes and their alternations .The problems are to be solved within the conceptual frame which covers both the shared and specific conceptual content of various alternations .The first part is interconnected with sensory-motor system ,while the second ,specific alternations .

Cognitive researches on the polysemy of prepositions have all along focused on the motivation of meaning extensions andignored the effect of contextual enrichment ,which causes rampant polysemy , as shownin thecaseof OVER .Basedon the Dynamic Construal Approach to Meaning advanced by Croft & Cruse ,a Double-Layer Network Model of Polysemy is set on OVER , with the concept upper layer and the context lower layer in it . The upper layer contains one major category and two minor ones , representing ,respectively ,(1) ABOVE(MOBILE OR NOT) , (2) ON THE OTHER SIDE OF ,and (3) COVERING . They all have their prototypes . The upper layer shows Lakoff's radial network representation and the lower layer shows Rosch's earlier standard version of overlapping sets representation .The upper layer'sinterrelated prototy picalcatego riesarep sychologicalentities denoted by the lexeme and constitute the source of contextual extensions .The lower layer's meaning extensions are the results of online interpretation of the prototypical categories in light of cognitive context and with different construals . The model is characteristic of contextual flexibility and openness .

Since the 1990s corpora have revolutionized the study of language .Language pedagogy is one of the areas which have used corpora extensively . Leech observes a convergence between teaching and language corpora , which he thinks has three focuses ,namely the indirect use of corpora in teaching , the direct use of corpora in teaching , and further teaching-oriented corpus development . Presently corpora have primarily been used indirectly in language pedagogy while the direct use of corpora in teaching is largely confined to learners of more advanced levels . Nevertheless ,as long as the two tasks currently faced by corpus linguistics can be accomplished , corpora will play an even more essential rolein deciding what to teach and how to teach .Learner corpora as a kind of teaching-oriented corpus resources can be used either directly or indirectly in language pedagogy . A case study of passive constructions in the Chinese Learner English Corpus demonstrates that contrastive corpus linguistics provides a powerful tool for predicting , diagnosing ,and explaining learners'errors in their interlanguage in second language acquisition research .