China's frontier areas are regions inhabited by multiple ethnic groups with different religious beliefs , languages , and cultures . Therefore , not only is the decentralized and cross-national nature of″guarding the border , managing the border , and controlling the border″obvious , but the complexity and autonomy of″securing the border , governing the border , and enriching the border″are also evident and important . Historically , China had experience with several unique approaches to managing its frontier areas , which included :playing different foreign powers off one another;governing frontier regions with local officials and customs;centralizing control over frontier areas;employing a league and banner system;and garrisoning frontier areas with troops that produced their own food . At present , China is well experienced with self-governance in ethnic minority regions . Nevertheless , the deficiency of research on frontier security issues and the fluctuation of frontier security policies highlight the value of developing ″frontier security studies″.″Frontier security studies″are an interdisciplinary field that takes frontier security as its research object and the exploration of the patterns of frontier security governance as its main content . Its domain of inquiry is the governance of frontier security , its normative basis is″human security″;its theoretical mode is″peace-and-cooperation-ism″, and its research emphasis is capacity- building on frontier security governance . The development of ″frontier security studies″will enrich the contents , methods , and actual effectiveness of frontier security governance , and help frontier security researches make the transition from being scattered , passive , and experience-based to being systematic , proactive , and theoretical .

Financial safety , especially bank safety , concerns the stability of a country and its economy . With the entry of foreign capital into China's banks , it is of great urgency to set up an early-warning system . By researching into six indexes , namely management and equity control , bank business control , bank equity stability , credit control , risk infection and financial supervision , we have constructed a warning index system for foreign-shared banks . The system may help financial supervision sectors with their decision-making in evaluating the effect of overseas financial institutions and setting up an efficient financial safety supervision system .

As the body of cultural heritage protection , both tangible culture and intangible culture carry the history as well as the symbols and faiths of a country or nation , so multi-disciplinary knowledge is needed for their preservation . The consciousness of cultural heritage preservation took time to develop , and the principles , goals and guidelines came to be systematized only by the 20th century . As an undertaker of heritage preservation , the government should establish an authoritative committee which includes scientists as well as scholars in humanities and social sciences to evaluate and approve of the projects of heritage preservation . In terms of the protection of folk cultures , respect for the participation and benefits of disadvantaged groups and integration of academic research with practice are the disciplinary principles and objectives of anthropology . Visual anthropology can not only realize the preservation but also″activate″the contemporary significance of cultural heritage , so it plays a very important role in today's cultural heritage protection.

The multilevel functions and political connotations of culture necessitate the protection of intangible cultural heritages . The ever-changing characteristic of culture asks for dynamic strategies of protection . The social function of belief endows related intangible cultural heritages with historical significance and value of protection . In the practical domain , the integrity of culture requires protection both in the micro-ecological and macro-ecological senses . Considering the negligence of grassroots participation in our current protection practices , we should advocate participatory strategies on the basis of understanding and appreciating the differences between emic and etic standpoints , taking advantage of grassroots wisdom and local knowledge , and awakening the cultural consciousness of the communities concerned . Furthermore , we should try to prevent cultural″filtration″and″cultural stratification″by engaging an independent party in the process of evaluating intangible cultural heritages , by setting up the list of intangible cultural heritages in imminent danger , and by breaking the rigid linkage between protection funds and ranking .

A framing analysis as well as a comparative analysis are conducted on the telecast commentaries on the Beijing Olympic Opening Ceremony of the three broadcast systems in the United States ,Japan and Australia . The study focuses on the complete cultural performances of the opening ceremony telecasts by NBC in USA ,NHK in Japan and Australia's network SEVEN . The broadcasting feeds provided by Beijing Olympic Broadcasting Co .(BOB)and the background materials from the official website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games (www .beijing2008 .cn) are used as important references . Based on both audio and visual data , the study attempts to combine quantitative and qualitative methods to compare the initiative ,agility ,selectivity and orientation of the three broadcast systems'commentaries . It also analyzes the four dimensions of the telecast commentaries ,such as proportions of times ,the distribution of types ,the emphasis of themes and the slant of attitudes ,so as to find the different modes and extents of commentary framings in the Olympic-style international field . Research findings indicate that there are media multi-constructions of the Olympic host in the telecasts of the ceremony conducted by different broadcast systems in different countries . Despite varied constructions and interpretations of the ceremony ,China's overall image portrayal across the three opening ceremony telecasts was positive . The finding further indicates that all of the three broadcast systems tend to achieve some convergence in their modes of commentaries while still maintaining their own distinctive features . The study also demonstrates that the conflict and the compromise between internationalism and nationalism in the Olympic-style international field can be presented more directly by the vocal commentaries rather than the visual images .

As an important factor influencing the formation of knowledge gap ,media difference has long been a research focus in the knowledge gap literature .Previous studies ,however ,primarily compared the differential effects between newspaper and television on the knowledge gap .Little attention has been paid to the possible disparities between new media and old media regarding their impacts on people's knowledge acquisition .Based on two national surveys in the U .S .A . , this study finds that the usage gap between individuals with different socio-economic status is greater for the Internet than for traditional media .More importantly ,the greater usage gap on the Internet is also associated with a bigger knowledge gap .This suggests that the digital divide not only has a stronger magnitude ,but has more severe consequences than does the analog divide . These findings can facilitate our understanding of the knowledge gap and its antecedents ,and can help justify the necessity of the digital divide research .

Traditionally ,the ontology of reportage has emphasized three characteristics : journalism , literature and political commentary . Yet ,these three characteristics can no longer serve as the standard of contemporary reportage and should be replaced by the″five new characteristics″such as the″scientific principle of text connotation″. If the reportage before the″New Era (1978)″mainly dealt with themes closely connected with political reality ,the post-New-Era reportage has not only brought its potential critique of reason and political reason to a new stage ,but has developed the critique of tradition ,reflection of the past ,cultural enlightenment ,academic spirit and so on . Thus a″Neospirit of Reason″has taken shape which is characterized by the pursuit of modernity ,enhancement of the scientific spirit and humanism . The value and significance of the ″scientific principle″and″beauty of reason″lie in the fact that theoretically ,they have enhanced the philosophical social science;in practice ,they have promoted the development of our society;and spiritually ,they have enlightened people's mind ,stimulated them to further effort and refined their sentiment . The reason why reportage used to be looked down upon in the academic circle is that reportage is″utilitarian″. In fact ,″utilitarianism″is one of the most important featuresof ″modernity″in the theory of literature and art of modern China . The prominence of the″scientific principle″and″beauty of reason″in reportage proves that this is still an era of″reason″,not an era of″genuine aesthetics″. This phenomenon also proves that″utilitarianism″of reportage should be recognized and respected .

Based both on the surface-deep and the rhythmic reading ,the pattern of expressive prosody reading is an expressive phonetic chain formed with enhanced supernatural prosodic features . Its formation process witnesses the remolding or reconstruction of the cognitive structure . After readers have perceived the perfect blending of sound and breath together with the inner experience of the text ,the physiological arousal they finally achieve will actualize the transmitting of emotional information ,thus arousing the sympathy between the speaker and the listener . It is shown by the experiments and acoustic tests that certain supernatural rhythms and corresponding emotional states would appear repeatedly . Besides ,with the change of time and space as well as readers'deepening textual comprehension ,the cognitive development of the pattern of expressive prosody reading will also undergo a process of continuous construction . Each cognitive phase serves as the extension of its preceding phase ,remolding and deepening the original cognitive structure at the same time . Therefore ,the pattern of expressive prosody reading is a compound cognitive development with multi-level and multi-element features . It is believed that the pattern of expressive prosody reading can inspire people's interest in language learning , help develop their language sense ,and improve their comprehension and expression in the cognition of the world . Besides , the study of the pattern of expressive prosody reading will contribute to enhancing the emotional degree in phonological synthesis and cognition .

The post-modernist view on language has made a great impact on the contemporary social science which is known as″linguistic/discourse turn″. This turn has been challenging the fundamentalassumption of Western universalism ,which sees implicitly or explicitly language as faithful representation of cultural phenomena ,and offers concepts and theories as facts and truth , without considering historical and cultural particularity . The paper seeks to develop an alternative narrative paradigm of doing anthropology in China , by drawing upon the Chinese tradition of discourse strategies , particularly that of Confucianism . The well-known Chinese classics such as The Spring and Autumn Annals ,and The Records of the Great Historian and so on have set a good paradigm of narration capable for Geertz's concept of″thick description″. The underlying meanings of cultural behavior are described in a veiled way , but hitting the heart transparently . This mode of discourse makes the deep meaning not fully expressible in abstract terms ,thus successfully avoiding the violations of Representativism . Any simple mentioning of small details implies a profound meaning not in terms of judgment and truth ,but as an elucidation for understanding . In this way ,the essence of culture is conveyed in a non- essentialist discourse . The principle of discourse could be articulated in Lao Zi's philosophical maxim that″Tao that can be described is not universal and eternal Tao″. A project is also presented which ,by applying the traditional discourse of ethnography , investigates the living culture of a Chinese village ( Dongwushan) ,located in the suburbs of Hangzhou City ,Zhejiang Province . The approach helps to uncover the indigenous cultures which have been buried and silenced by modern representation of Chinese culture . Meanwhile through the subtle description of the cultural fragments ,the village is found under a transformation for traditional cultural revival . The study thus makes a case of Chinese approach to ethnographic study ,which points to a possibility of″thick description″with which Chinese culture unfolds itself to the world in an authentic and elucidative way .

This paper builds a government reputation-interfered game model based on the KMRW reputation model framework . The behavior of fraudulent reporting is analyzed from a three-participant game perspective including government , listed companies and investors . This paper shows that the game between investors and listed companies essentially becomes a three-participant game in which the probability that investors will invest in a listed company is dependent on the outcome of the game between government and listed companies . As the government's regulation policies are issued in advance , the expected income of listed companies is a function of disclosure , so the regulation policy decides the disclosure of balanced performance . When the listed companies disclose a favorable balance , deviating from the true performance , they tend to use the false reputation gained from the government's reputation to disclose false information characterized by″earnings manipulation″and″low-profit phenomenon″. According to these findings , we suggest that regulators should realize the″caveat emptor″market-oriented regulation on the basis of a solid market micro-infrastructure .

The co-existence of gender discrimination in employment and gender bias in human capital investment in the labor market not only results in difficult situations faced by female labor force but also exerts a negative effect on the efficiency and welfare of the market and the society as a whole . There is a lot of literature on gender discrimination in employment and gender bias in human capital investment , but research about the relationship and interaction between the two is scarce . This paper analyses the harm of their reverse incentives . The exclusion of females from the primary labor market and insufficient human capital investment in females will hinder social advancement and economic growth in the long run .

In the process of group interaction and by the constraint of group norms , individual extra-role behaviors emerge at team-level and form a certain construct , thereby influencing team innovation performance . According to multilevel theory , team-level behavioral structures are usually operationalized by mean , which reflects central tendency , and by maximum , minimum and variance , which reflect dispersion . Through the empirical study of 59 R&D teams , it was found that individual helping and voice extra-role behaviors aggregated via both composition and compilation forms of emergence . The mean level of individual helping behavior and the maximum level of individual voice behavior had the highest correlation with team innovation performance . The minimum level of individual helping behavior and the mean level of individual voice behavior were also significantly correlated with team innovation performance .

Group faultlines which depend on the compositional dynamics of multiple attributes can potentially lead to group differentiation . An analysis of the emergence of faultlines is based on the social-categorization theory and the similar-attraction paradigm . Although faultlines may be formed at any time in group history , the types and the intensity of group faultlines change as familiarity increases among all group members . Accordingly , the effects of faultlines on team functioning and performance will be different . Furthermore , group faultlines influence team performance through team cohesion , team communication and team conflict . Such factors as task interdependence , KMS in the team and external leaders can moderate the relationship between group faultlines and team performance . Analyzing a group on the basis of its diversity and its faultlines generates a variety of practical implications ,which may help to diagnose , understand and manage group faultlines to coordinate the subgroups .

As the dominant industry in the post-industrial society , the agglomeration of service industry has become a new hot spot in the research fields of economic geography , industrial economics and urban economics . At present , research mainly focuses on four aspects : comparison with manufacturing agglomeration;space distribution of agglomeration , including overall space design and distribution;causes of agglomeration , such as the collective study process , social factors , co-agglomeration and so on , and effect of agglomeration . These studies have provided a frame of reference for the coordinated development of the secondary and tertiary sectors through adjustment of space structure and development of service industry agglomeration . On the other hand , there is an urgent need to study issues like how to construct an analytical framework for service industry agglomeration based on new economic geography theory , how to measure the degree of agglomeration , and how to advance the interactive development of service agglomeration and regional economies .

Recommendation Agents (RAs ) are″virtual consultants″provided by on-line shops . RAs encourage consumers to make purchase decisions quickly . In order to determine how RA use influences consumer on-line decision making , this paper develops a conceptual model describing the relationship among three types of variables : RA characteristics , RA evaluation and RA power . The model is tested based on a large sample data from Internet consumers in China . The results show that : ( 1 ) RA use influences the processes and outcomes of consumer decision making and the extent of this influence ( RA power) is determined by RA evaluation , i .e . , the consumer's perceived value of the RAs ( RA perceived value) and their trust in RAs (RA trust);(2) RA perceived value is determined by the general public perception of the website in which the RAs are embedded , the customization ( the most important factor ) and presentation of recommendations;and (3) RA trust is determined by RA perceived value , the general public perception of the website , the customization of recommendations and consumer's familiarity with RAs . Of these , RA perceived value is the most important factor .

The concepts of interactivity and virtual community associated with the World Wide Web are often mentioned in the academic field but are seldom used to explore their impact upon online purchasing intent . Aiming at community members as well as their online interactions , this paper attempts to construct a model of the relationships between interactivity , the utilities of interactivity and the online purchasing intent . It theoretically explores the effect and influence of interactivity as a new way of interpersonal intercourse in virtual community upon online purchasing . Four dimensional constructs central to interactivity are developed : site , specialty , mode and matter of interactivity . Utility of interactivity is classified by three dimensions : functional , social and psychological utilities . With a statistical analysis of 431 valid samples and the empirical research , twelve factors of interactivity and six factors of utility of interactivity are abstracted . The result shows that the utility of interactivity is a key indicator of online purchasing intent .

After Chiang Kai-shek established his political regime , Chiang often exercised his power not pursuant to the official channels in order to manipulate his political power and to direct the diplomacy since his leadership position in the KMT was not yet secured and the central leadership was in the process of formation . In the diplomatic personnel placement , he underwent a transitional process from using cronies to the establishment of think tanks , and finally to the use of aides and staff . This process not only reveals Chiang's intention of moving towards dictatorship , but also manifests his exploration and efforts in improving governance efficiency , reforming administration , and enhancing the management of human resources . The final formation of aides and staff not only marked the establishment of Chiang's centralized leadership role , but also provided the institutional support on the diplomatic decision-making and personnel management under the wartime centralized power of leadership .

″San Kung″was one of the official positions which existed for the longest time in the history of ancient Chinese civil service system . The historical transitions make it hard to grasp the manifold connotations of the name , leading to constant misinterpretations . This paper divides the history of ancient China into six periods : (1) the Pre-Qin period;(2) the Qin- Han period;(3) the Two Jin periods and the Southern and Northern Dynasties;(4) the period between the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty;(5) the Huizong period of the Southern Song Dynasty;and (6) the period from late Qinzong of the Song Dynasty till the Yuan , Ming , and Qing Dynasties . By tracing the source and development of″San Kung″, the paper examines its transition from an alternative name for the prime minister into an official rank .

The correct date of corpus is essential for the research of Chinese language history . The identification of corpus should also become an integral part of linguistic study . Buddhist sutra whose translation date is unknown or was wrongly recorded may have high linguistic value ,and its number is huge . However ,″discarding it″or″directly citing it″would have a detrimental effect on linguistic research ,while textual criticism might sort out reliable corpus and make up for the scarcity of data of the early medieval period . In this paper ,we shall examine the translation of Tanwudejiemo from philological ,lexical and cultural perspectives : historical documents show that it was not translated by Tandi (昙谛) in Caowei (曹魏);its lexis is closer to the Buddhist sutra after the Western Jin Dynasty ,and the″Commandment of Nun″was perfected only after the Western Jin Dynasty . Therefore ,the translation date of Tanwudejiemo could be no earlier than the Western Jin ,most probably by Tandi in Liusong (刘宋) . Finally ,we shall propose our solutions to the issues of the choice of reference Buddhist sutra ,extraction of differential words and application of textual criticism of such Buddhist sutra .

Qing Ci and Qing poems or the poetic theory of Qing Dynasty are closely related . Certain intractable problems which have constantly been puzzling academic field of Ci-poems could be well resolved by studying the poems as well as the poetic theory of Qing Dynasty . Hardly identified is″ben shi″from the comment″better than benshi's long poem″by Tan Xian on″Mo yu er :Ting Baisheng Pipa″written by Chen Weisong of early Qing Dynasty . In Fact ,″benshi″refers to Chen's teacher Wu Weiye while the″long poem″is Wu's″Pipa Xing″. Some unavailable vital information of a probably missing masterpiece Benshi Ci , including writer's name , title , birthplace and the scale of original edition ,may be retrieved with the enlightenment from relevant anthologies : Liangzhe Youxuan Xulu and Suhaozhai Shichao . Guixiu Cihua written by Shen baoshan was occasionally mentioned in Hui feng Cihua Xubian by Kuang Zhouyi . Accordingly , Scholars are often misled to believe that GuixiuCihua is virtually a book . However , GuixiuCihua is an informal appellation of Mingyuan Shihua by Shen Shanbao .

Modern thinking and postmodern thinking have had their impact on psychological counseling theory ,practice , research and training . In theory , they impact the philosophical and scientific foundation and counseling approaches of psychological counseling , mainly demonstrated in the conflict between objective positivism and subjective constructivism . In practice , they influence counselors'professional self-concept , counselor-client relationship , counseling behaviors and ethics , mainly showed in the contradiction between detached objective observation and active participation . In terms of research , they form different paradigms , mainly presented in the conflict between quantitative and qualitative methodologies . For counselor training , they provide different models , mainly exhibited in the opposition between focusing on procedural techniques and emphasizing individualized experience . Despite these discrepancies , they have some aspects in common . To go beyond modern and postmodern thinking requires integration under the guidance of dialectical materialism .