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| A Study of the Construction Models of World Cultural Heritage Value Interpretation and Spatial Expression |
| Zhao Yun |
| China Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029, China |
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Abstract Over the last 50 years, the world heritage endeavor has developed and achieved remarkable influence and accomplishments. It has protected the shared heritage of humanity and transformed the way we value and safeguard heritage. However, the world heritage system continues to face numerous questions and challenges from both the academia and society. Critical heritage studies and cultural heritage spatial production researches have provided theoretical tools and insights for addressing these questions and challenges, as well as for understanding and resolving specific issues. This paper attempts to integrate the theoretical tools and research findings of critical heritage studies and cultural heritage spatial production researches, focusing on the overall world cultural heritage system to reveal its development characteristics and patterns.The world cultural heritage system features coexisting cultural and spatial processes, with value interpretation and spatial expression constituting the essence of these two processes. Value interpretation serves as the mainstream discourse and active mechanism, while spatial expression operates as the covert discourse and passive mechanism. Together they form the basic means of reproducing and regenerating the significance and spatiality of world cultural heritage. There are three stages of world cultural heritage practice: tentative listing, nomination, and management and monitoring, each corresponding to different cultural processes. These stages encompass the initial identification of world heritage, subsequent re-identification and integration of rationalization processes, and the enhancement of heritage identity and broadening of its influence through rationalization. A layered evolution from spiritual space to physical and social spaces also occurs in spatial terms.Although value interpretation discourse occupies the mainstream in official expressions, it is inseparable from spatial discourse. This paper examines the driving and restraining factors of the world cultural heritage system’s development from the perspectives of cultural processes and spatial production, constructing a double movement model of value interpretation and spatial expression. This model provides a theoretical framework for studying the genesis and development mechanisms of the world cultural heritage system and offers a comprehensive, dialectical analysis and approaches to addressing various manifest or latent issues within the system.In the double movement model of the world cultural heritage system, the first movement is value interpretation, which promotes the system through identity formation and rationalization mechanisms. The ideal practice of value interpretation is to adjust top-down rules into a shared representational system, achieving inter-subjective meaning-making and pursuing collective achievement to the greatest extent. As a cultural process, it generally presents characteristics of inequality in specific rules, sharing of collective outcomes, coexistence of authority in temporal cross-sections, and negotiation from a diachronic perspective. The second movement is spatial expression, which constrains the direction and speed of the value interpretation movement and keeps the world cultural heritage system dynamic. Compared with the cultural processes driven by value interpretation practice, the spatial processes of world cultural heritage involve more complex relationships and diverse demands among international organizations, states, areas, experts, and other stakeholders. Spatial attributes continuously accumulate as the practice progresses, producing and reproducing world cultural heritage spaces. Due to the presence of the second movement, the gap between “top-down rules” and “shared representational systems” in value interpretation becomes apparent through spatial practice and representations of space, forming multiple tensions in representational spaces.From the perspective of the development mechanisms and dynamics of the world cultural heritage system, when the movements of value interpretation and spatial expression are aligned, they promote the progress of the system and the sustainable development of heritage sites. When these movements are not aligned, they constrain the development of the world cultural heritage system and heritage sites. Overemphasizing the driving role of value interpretation while neglecting the restraining role of spatial expression can provoke resistance from social spatial production to meaning construction, leading to difficulties in the system’s development. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the spatial attributes of world cultural heritage, deepen our understanding of the spatial production of world cultural heritage in different dimensions, and connect value interpretation with spatial expression, promoting their coordination.Based on our understanding of the production and reproduction mechanisms of world cultural heritage, we can engage in this field with a more proactive attitude and aspiration. Building on China’s extensive world cultural heritage practice over the last 40 years, we can conduct in-depth researches into identity and rationalization mechanisms in the value interpretation practice of world cultural heritage, draw on these experiences to form a Chinese discourse system, and incorporate it into international dialogues. Meanwhile, we can construct a compatibility mechanism for world cultural heritage value interpretation and spatial expression as a means to explore new spatial features of world cultural heritage, contributing Chinese solutions to the sustainable development of the world cultural heritage system.
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Received: 26 July 2023
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2024, Vol. 54 
