|
|
Equity Incentive Disparity Between Top Executives and Core Employees and Corporate Innovation Output: Enhancing or Impeding? |
Chen Wenqiang1, Wang Xiaoting2, Jia Shenghua3 |
1.School of Accounting, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China 2.School of Business Management, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China 3.School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China |
|
|
Abstract Corporate innovation constitutes a complex team endeavor characterized by high investments, exploratory efforts and multiple stages, which necessitates collaborative efforts and collective participation of the members in innovation teams. Among them, senior executives and core employees are the two most critical groups of human resources. How to design scientific team compensation to stimulate the innovation enthusiasm of both senior executives and core employees remains a pivotal topic within the realm of corporate governance. Equity incentive, a typical team-based compensation aimed at fostering organizational innovation, encompasses both senior executives and core employees as beneficiaries. The incentive disparity between the two groups of recipients inevitably, affects their psychological perception and behavioral decisions. Moreover, equity incentive plan is a document that the China Securities Regulatory Commission mandates to be publicly disclosed. Listed companies are obligated to publicly disclose the list of incentive recipients and the quantity of granted equity. This offers employees a detailed and convenient information channel for compensation comparison. However, existing researches have predominantly examined the isolated impact of equity incentive for senior executives or core employees on corporate innovation from the perspective of absolute incentive levels, which has overlooked the effect of the incentive disparity between the two groups of incentive recipients.Based on the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2006 to 2020, this study examines the impact and mechanisms of equity incentive disparity (EID) between senior executives and core employees on corporate innovation output (CIO). The findings suggest that EID significantly hampers CIO and this inhibitory effect exhibits a trend of continuous strengthening. Mechanism tests reveal that reducing employee effort, hindering team collaboration, and disrupting team stability are the underlying channels through which EID impedes CIO. Supplementary analysis demonstrates that the innovation inhibitory effect of EID is more pronounced in samples with a low likelihood of internal promotion, high accessibility to compensation information, and a high sense of employee fairness perception. Further studies based on innovation output quality indicate that EID worsens patent structures and reduces patent citations. Diving deeper into the quality of innovation output suggests that EID diminishes the application and market value of patents.This paper contributes to the literature and practice in the following three dimensions. First, the study reveals the inhibitory effect of EID on CIO and further unveils the internal mechanisms from the perspectives of employee effort, team collaboration, and employee stability. This exploration widens the understanding of disparities in internal compensation through the lens of equity-based incentives. Second, the study illuminates that EID is also a crucial factor influencing CIO, which extends the scope of research on equity incentive contracts from the viewpoint of internal relative incentive disparities. Third, the study has important implications. For companies, it provides valuable insights to optimize equity incentive contract designs and stimulate innovative capacities. For policy makers, it offers important reference to improve the regulatory system of equity incentive plans and optimize the distribution of equity compensation within enterprises.
|
Received: 10 November 2022
|
|
|
|
1 van de Ven A. H., “Central problems in the management of innovation,” Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 5 (1986), pp. 590-607. 2 Holmstrom B., “Agency costs and innovation,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 12, No. 3 (1989), pp. 305-327. 3 孟庆斌、李昕宇、张鹏: 《员工持股计划能够促进企业创新吗?——基于企业员工视角的经验证据》,《管理世界》2019年第11期,第209-228页。 4 Wu J. & Tu R., “CEO stock option pay and R&D spending: a behavioral agency explanation,” Journal of Business Research, Vol. 60, No. 5 (2007), pp. 482-492. 5 Aldatmaz S., Ouimet P. & van Wesep E. D., “The option to quit: the effect of employee stock options on turnover,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 127, No. 1 (2018), pp. 136-151. 6 Jensen M. C. & Murphy K. J., “CEO incentives: it’s not how much you pay, but how,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, No. 3 (1990), pp. 138-149. 7 Irlenbusch B. & Ruchala G. K.,“Relative rewards within team-based compensation,” Labour economics, Vol. 15, No. 3 (2008), pp. 141-167. 8 Fulmer I. S. & Li J.,“Compensation, benefits, and total rewards: a bird’s-eye (re)view,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2022), pp. 147-169. 9 Grabner I. & Martin M., “The effect of horizontal pay dispersion on the effectiveness of performance-based incentives,” Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 88 (2021), pp. 174-198. 10 Lazear E. P. & Rosen S., “Rank-order tournaments as optimum labor contracts,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 89, No. 5 (1981), pp. 841-864. 11 Kini O. & Williams R., “Tournament incentives, firm risk, and corporate policies,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 103, No. 2 (2012), pp. 350-376. 12 郭蕾、肖淑芳、李雪婧等: 《非高管员工股权激励与创新产出——基于中国上市高科技企业的经验证据》,《会计研究》2019年第7期,第59-67页。 13 Cowherd D. M. & Levine D. I., “Product quality and pay equity between lower-level employees and top management:an investigation of distributive justice theory,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 2 (1992), pp. 302-320. 14 Wang T.,Zhao B. & Thornhill S., “Pay dispersion and organizational innovation: the mediation effects of employee participation and voluntary turnover,” Human Relations, Vol. 68, No. 7 (2015), pp. 1155-1181. 15 孔东民、徐茗丽、孔高文: 《企业内部薪酬差距与创新》,《经济研究》2017年第10期,第144-157页。 16 田轩、孟清扬: 《股权激励计划能促进企业创新吗》,《南开管理评论》2018年第3期,第176-190页。 17 胡景涛、宿涵宁、王秀玲: 《员工股权激励对企业经营业绩会产生补充的提升效应吗?》,《会计研究》2020年第4期,第119-129页。 18 Nyberg A. J., Maltarich M. A. & Abdulsalam D. D., “Collective pay for performance: a cross-disciplinary review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Management, Vol. 44, No. 6 (2018), pp. 2433-2472. 19 周空、周萱、应雪晴: 《从想法产生到想法执行:团队绩效薪酬对团队创新的影响机制》,《心理科学进展》2023年第6期,第944-957页。 20 谢谦、汪雪婷: 《以企业创新发展推进共同富裕——基于股权激励的视角》,《金融经济学研究》2022年第1期,第101-117页。 21 郝项超、梁琪: 《非高管股权激励与企业创新:公平理论视角》,《金融研究》2022年第3期,第171-188页。 22 张正堂: 《高层管理团队协作需要、薪酬差距和企业绩效:竞赛理论的视角》,《南开管理评论》2007年第2期,第4-11页。 23 Mueller H. M.,Ouimet P. P. & Simintzi E., “Within-firm pay inequality,” Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 30, No. 10 (2017), pp. 3605-3635. 24 顾海峰、朱慧萍: 《高管薪酬差距促进了企业创新投资吗——基于中国A股上市公司的证据》,《会计研究》2021年第12期,第107-120页。 25 Pan Y., Pikulina E. S. & Siegel S. et al., “Do equity markets care about income inequality evidence from pay ratio disclosure,” The Journal of Finance, Vol. 77, No. 2 (2022), pp. 1371-1411. 26 Nguyen T., “CEO incentives and corporate innovation,” Financial Review, Vol. 53, No. 2 (2018), pp. 255-300. 27 王姝勋、方红艳、荣昭: 《期权激励会促进公司创新吗?——基于中国上市公司专利产出的证据》,《金融研究》2017年第3期,第176-191页。 28 Chang X., Fu K. & Low A., “Non-executive employee stock options and corporate innovation,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 115, No. 1 (2015), pp. 168-188. 29 陈文强、谢乔昕、王会娟等: 《行权业绩考核与企业研发投资:“治理”还是“压力”?——来自中国上市高科技企业的经验证据》,《经济管理》2021年第11期,第137-155页。 30 Rouen E., “Rethinking measurement of pay disparity and its relation to firm performance,” The Accounting Review, Vol. 95, No. 1 (2020), pp. 343-378. 31 Sengupta S. & Yoon Y., “Moderating effect of pay dispersion on the relationship between employee share ownership and labor productivity,” Human Resource Management, Vol. 57, No. 5 (2018), pp. 1083-1096. 32 张蕊、王洋洋、廖佳: 《关键下属高管晋升锦标赛的创新激励效应研究》,《会计研究》2020年第2期,第143-153页。 33 Amore M. D. & Failla V., “Pay dispersion and executive behaviour: evidence from innovation,” British Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2020), pp. 487-504. 34 Pfeffer J. & Langton N., “The effect of wage dispersion on satisfaction, productivity, and working collaboratively: evidence from college and university faculty,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3 (1993), pp. 382-407. 35 Trevor C. O., Reilly G. & Gerhart B., “Reconsidering pay dispersion’s effect on the performance of interdependent work: reconciling sorting and pay inequality,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2012), pp. 3585-610. 36 张兴亮、夏成才: 《非CEO高管患寡还是患不均》,《中国工业经济》2016年第9期,第144-160页。 37 许楠、田涵艺、刘浩: 《创业团队的内部治理:协作需求、薪酬差距与团队稳定性》,《管理世界》2021年第4期,第216-230页。 38 赵世芳、江旭、应千伟等: 《股权激励能抑制高管的急功近利倾向吗——基于企业创新的视角》,《南开管理评论》2020年第6期,第76-87页。 39 Ogbonnaya C., Daniels K. & Nielsen K., “Does contingent pay encourage positive employee attitudes and intensify work?” Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2017), pp. 94-112. 40 石琦、肖淑芳、吴佳颖: 《股票期权及其要素设计与企业创新产出——基于风险承担与业绩激励效应的研究》,《南开管理评论》2020年第2期,第27-38,62页。 41 姜英兵、于雅萍: 《谁是更直接的创新者?——核心员工股权激励与企业创新》,《经济管理》2017年第3期,第109-127页。 42 陈效东: 《谁才是企业创新的真正主体:高管人员还是核心员工》,《财贸经济》2017年第12期,第127-144页。 43 Fang H., Nofsinger J. R. & Quan J., “The effects of employee stock option plans on operating performance in chinese firms,” Journal of Banking & Finance, Vol. 54, No. 9 (2015), pp. 141-159. 44 黎文靖、彭远怀、谭有超: 《知识产权司法保护与企业创新——兼论中国企业创新结构的变迁》,《经济研究》2021年第5期,第144-161页。 45 邵朝对、苏丹妮、王晨: 《服务业开放、外资管制与企业创新:理论和中国经验》,《经济学(季刊)》2021年第4期,第1411-1432页。 46 Hochberg Y. V. & Lindsey L., “Incentives, targeting, and firm performance: an analysis of non-executive stock options,” The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 23, No. 11 (2010), pp. 4148-4168. 47 Kim E. H. & Ouimet P., “Broad-based employee stock ownership: motives and outcomes,” The Journal of Finance, Vol. 69, No. 3 (2014), pp. 1273-1319. 48 Henderson A. D. & Fredrickson J. W., “Top management team coordination needs and the ceo pay gap: a competitive test of economic and behavioral views,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1 (2001), pp. 96-117. 49 梁上坤、李烜博、陈玥: 《公司董事联结与薪酬契约参照——中国情境下的分析框架和经验证据》,《中国工业经济》2019年第6期,第154-172页。 50 刘春、孙亮: 《薪酬差距与企业绩效:来自国企上市公司的经验证据》,《南开管理评论》2010年第2期,第30-39,51页。 51 李春涛、宋敏: 《中国制造业企业的创新活动:所有制和CEO激励的作用》,《经济研究》2010年第5期,第55-67页。 52 潘子成、易志高: 《内部薪酬差距、高管团队社会资本与企业双元创新》,《管理工程学报》2023年第3期,第26-41页。 53 支晓强、孙健、王永妍等: 《高管权力、行业竞争对股权激励方案模仿行为的影响》,《中国软科学》2014年第4期,第111-125页。 54 陈文强、王成方: 《股权激励方式与企业生命周期的适应性匹配研究》,《会计研究》2021年第6期,第76-90页。 55 Chowdhury H. & Shams S., “Does firm life cycle have impacts on managerial promotion tournament incentives,” Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 46, No. 4 (2021), pp. 593-628. 56 缪毅、胡奕明: 《产权性质、薪酬差距与晋升激励》,《南开管理评论》2014年第4期,第4-12页。 57 Brown M., Nyberg A. J. & Weller I. et al., “Pay information disclosure:review and recommendations for research spanning the pay secrecy-pay transparency continuum,” Journal of Management, Vol. 48, No. 6 (2022), pp. 1661-1694. 58 Aobdia D., “Employee mobility, noncompete agreements, product-market competition, and company disclosure,” Review of Accounting Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2018), pp. 296-346. 59 罗进辉: 《媒体报道与高管薪酬契约有效性》,《金融研究》2018年第3期,第190-206页。 60 Shepelak N. J. & Alwin D. F., “Beliefs about inequality and perceptions of distributive justice,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 51, No. 1 (1986), pp. 30-46. 61 周慧珺、沈吉: 《公平收入差距与收入分配公平感》,《经济理论与经济管理》2020年第7期,第30-42页。 62 梁上坤、张宇、王彦超: 《内部薪酬差距与公司价值——基于生命周期理论的新探索》,《金融研究》2019年第4期,第188-206页。 63 Balsmeier B., Fleming L. & Manso G., “Independent boards and innovation,” Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 123, No. 3 (2017), pp. 536-557. |
|
|
|