|
|
|
| Rationality of Behavior and Its Boundary: Interactive Behavior Between Multiple Relationships |
| Qin Zizhong |
| School of Marxism, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract How should behavior be taken in a divided world in order to promote the foundations of human life together? On this issue, a number of behavioral theories have been formed in the field of contemporary political philosophy, among which John Rawls’s theory of rational behavior and Jürgen Habermas’s theory of communicative behavior have far-reaching influence. By contrast, Rawls’s rational behavior is a monologue logical analysis of the behavioral subject, embedded in the principles of justice, and therefore it is essentially equivalent to the principles of justice in which behavior has been programmed, while Habermas’s communicative behavior is a linguistic communication between behavior subjects, which is independent of the principles of justice and can produce any substantive principle within the framework of the negotiation it establishes. These two behavioral theories are different from the theory of class struggle and the theory of strategic behavior. They are devoted to the study of the rationality of human behavior and the rationalization of society in a divided world and provide peaceful solutions to the conflicts of human interests and values, and even promote the basis for human beings to live together.However, these two behavioral theories are based on a set of counterfactual hypotheses respectively. As ideal theories, they do not pay enough attention to the transition between ideal theory and reality. And they both have a tendency of universalism that causes them to neglect the boundary issue of universalism as well as the issue of multiple relations between the boundaries. Therefore, these two behavioral theories are not only difficult to be applied directly to the divided and conflicting real world, but also lead to improper interference in the process of seeking homogeneous consensus. In the critical study of these two behavioral theories, a new kind of behavior theory, namely theory of interactive behavior, has been outlined, in which the reinterpreted rational behavior theory and the communicative behavior theory constitutes the two basic aspects of the interactive behavior theory, that is, the institutional aspect which contains many different rank principles and the behavioral aspect which contains many kinds of interactive activities.As a behavioral paradigm, interactive behavior is different from rational behavior and communicative behavior in three aspects: firstly, the starting point of interactive behavior is the realistic relationship that can be improved, which is neither the hypothetical original state nor the ideal debate situation; secondly, interactive behavior recognizes the boundary of universalism and pays attention to the multiple relational attributes between the boundaries; thirdly, the form of thought behind the interactive behavior is the emotional rationality that pays attention to the boundary, and it is neither purpose-cognitive rationality nor communicative rationality without boundary consciousness. Because the interactive behavior starts with a realistic relationship that can be improved, seeking the possibility of cooperation between boundaries rather than seeking homogeneity or unity that across all boundaries, it not only avoids shrinking into monologue-like logical analysis but also avoids completely drowning out the relational attributes among the principles; and it seeks the interactive consensus among the boundaries by gradually improving the conditions that prevent consensus from being reached. Interactive consensus gives up the pursuit of homogeneous consensus focus and seeks to converge the overlapping areas of heterogeneous consensus focus to form a network of compatibility consensus, and thus consolidate the foundation for human beings to live together.
|
|
Received: 21 July 2022
|
|
|
|
1 德］尤尔根·哈贝马斯： 《交往行为理论》第1卷，曹卫东译，上海：上海人民出版社，2018年。
2 周爱民： 《论哈贝马斯的“合理重构”方法》，《马克思主义与现实》2022年第3期，第185-192页。
3 梅景辉： 《交往行为理论的现代性反思与建构——哈贝马斯交往行为理论的生存解释学之维》，《世界哲学》2018年第4期，第23-31页。
4 Miller B.， “Collective action and rational choice： place， community， and the limits to individual self-interest，” Economic Geography， Vol. 68， No. 1 （1992）， pp. 22-42.
5 张庆熊： 《哈贝马斯晚年的哲学思考和对当今世界焦点问题的回应》，《国外理论动态》2019年第8期，第5-13页。
6 陈肖生： 《实践理性、公共理由与正义观念的辩护》，《南京大学学报（哲学·人文科学·社会科学）》2015年第3期，第129-141页。
7 Povinelli E. A.， “Radical worlds： the anthropology of incommensurability and inconceivability，” Annual Review of Anthropology， Vol. 30 （2001）， pp. 319-334.
8 美］约翰·罗尔斯： 《正义论》（修订版），何怀宏、何包钢、廖申白译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年。
9 美］约翰·罗尔斯： 《政治自由主义》（增订版），万俊人译，南京：译林出版社，2011年。
10 德］尤尔根·哈贝马斯： 《包容他者》，曹卫东译，上海：上海人民出版社，2018年。
11 陈勋武、顾速： 《正义是否包含真理？——罗尔斯与哈贝马斯有关正义理论之争》，《哲学动态》1996年第12期，第16-20页。
12 德］于尔根·哈贝马斯： 《后形而上学思想》，曹卫东、付德根译，南京：译林出版社，2012年。
13 美］芭芭拉·福尔特纳编： 《哈贝马斯：关键概念》，赵超译，重庆：重庆出版社，2016年。
14 包利民： 《重建公共伦理规范基础的不同途径——论罗尔斯与哈贝马斯之争》，《浙江学刊》2000年第6期，第11-15页。
15 McMahon C.， “Why there is no issue between Habermas and Rawls，” The Journal of Philosophy， Vol. 99， No. 3 （2002）， pp. 111-129.
16 谭安奎： 《议题与空间：罗尔斯与哈贝马斯之间的一场误会》，《中国人民大学学报》2010年第6期，第93-100页。
17 冯颜利、张朋光： 《哈贝马斯的正义观与当代价值——兼论哈贝马斯与罗尔斯正义观的主要异同》，《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2013年第6期，第75-85页。
18 李佃来： 《哈贝马斯对当代政治哲学的贡献》，《东岳论丛》2019年第8期，第158-167页。
19 童世骏： 《批判与实践：论哈贝马斯的批判理论》，北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，2007年。
20 Young I. M.， Justice and the Politics of Difference， Princeton： Princeton University Press， 1990.
21 McCarthy T.， “Kantian constructivism and reconstructivism： Rawls and Habermas in dialogue，” Ethics， Vol. 105， No. 1 （1994）， pp. 44-63.
22 White S. K. & Farr E. R.， “‘No-saying’ in Habermas，” Political Theory， Vol. 40， No. 1 （2012）， pp. 32-57.
23 李泽厚、刘悦笛： 《从“情本体”反思政治哲学》，《开放时代》2014年第4期，第194-215页。
24 秦子忠： 《交互共识理念——达成共识的困境与出路》，《上海交通大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2017年第6期，第55-63页。 |
|
|
|
2023, Vol. 53 
