|
|
On Marx and Engels’ Doctrine of Primitive Religion |
Wang Xiaochao |
Institute for Marxist Religious Studies in New Era, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China |
|
|
Abstract “Primitive” has two main meanings: one is describing preceding or coming earlier in time; the other is describing the ancient form. Marx and Engels used this word quite frequently and modified 128 nouns with this adjective. The double meaning of “primitive” is closely related to their use of the phrases “Die Roheste Form der Religion” and “Urreligion”. The former emphasizes the oldest form of religion, while the latter emphasizes the religion that precedes in time and form, that is, the religion of primitive times and primitive societies.Marx and Engels did not study “primitive religion” before 1879, nor did they use the term “primitive religion”, but called it ancient religion. Although Marx and Engels had previously dealt with the most primitive forms of religion, such as fetishism, natural religion and animal religion, these contents were Marx and Engels’ simple views on ancient religion without understanding primitive society, which did not belong to the scope of Marx and Engels’ primitive religion theory. Although later cultural anthropologists regarded fetishism, natural religion, and animal religion as primitive religions when studying primitive religions, Marx and Engels did not explicitly say like this. Therefore, when we integrate the theory of primitive religion of Marx and Engels, we should not incorporate the most primitive forms of Marx and Engels’ discussions on religion into it. Although Marx and Engels did not put forward a systematic theory about primitive religion, they published many theories about primitive religion. These theories can be integrated into five parts: the development stage of primitive religions, worship rituals, spontaneous nature, cognitive roots, and social functions, etc.Primitive religion is the weak link in the study of Marx and Engels’ religious theory, and the study of Marx and Engels’ theory of primitive religion by Chinese scholars is also lacking. Previous studies have not distinguished between “the most primitive form of religion” and “primitive religion”. From our interpretation, in the context of Marx and Engels’ original works, primitive religion is the religion of primitive times and primitive society, not the most primitive form of religion. This distinction helps us to integrate Marx and Engels’ theories of primitive religion, clarify the main contents of Marx and Engels’ theory of primitive religion, and make theoretical preparations for the construction of Marxist religious system.The research field of this paper belongs to the basic theory of Marxist religious study. This paper pays attention to the application of Marxist genetic method, regards Marxist religious theory as a process of occurrence and development, holds a cross-cultural perspective, interprets the text of Marx and Engels’ original works using the method of historicism, closely contacts the latest research trends in the academic field, keeps inheritance and innovation, and rigorously and scientifically constructs the Marxist religious theory system in the new era.
|
Received: 15 July 2022
|
|
|
|
1 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编: 《现代汉语词典》(第7版),北京:商务印书馆,2016年。 2 本社编: 《德汉词典中文索引》,上海:上海译文出版社,1988年。 3 德]马克思: 《〈科隆日报〉第179号的社论》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第206-228页。 4 德]马克思: 《约·拉伯克〈文明的起源和人的原始状态〉一书摘要》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第45卷,北京:人民出版社,1985年,第660-681页。 5 德]恩格斯: 《布鲁诺·鲍威尔和早期基督教》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第25卷,北京:人民出版社,2001年,第549-597页。 6 德]马克思: 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,北京:人民出版社,2002年。 7 德]马克思: 《资本论》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第2卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年。 8 德]恩格斯: 《风景》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第2卷,北京:人民出版社,2005年,第171-179页。 9 德]马克思、恩格斯: 《德意志意识形态》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷,北京:人民出版社,2012年。 10 德]恩格斯: 《反杜林论》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第26卷,北京:人民出版社,2014年。 11 德]恩格斯: 《〈反杜林论〉的准备材料》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第26卷,北京:人民出版社,2014年,第347-379页。 12 德]马克思: 《关于林木盗窃法的辩论》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第240-290页。 13 德]马克思: 《关于新闻出版自由和公布省等级会议辩论情况的辩论》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第136-202页。 14 陈荣富: 《马克思主义宗教观研究》,成都:四川人民出版社,2008年。 15 德]马克思: 《路易斯·亨·摩尔根〈古代社会〉一书摘要》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第45卷,北京:人民出版社,1985年,第328-571页。 16 德]恩格斯: 《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯全集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,2009年。 17 德]恩格斯: 《路德维希·费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,见中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译: 《马克思恩格斯文集》第4卷,北京:人民出版社,2012年,第261-296页。 18 吕大吉: 《宗教学通论新编》(第二版),北京:中国社会科学出版社,2010年。 |
|
|
|