Abstract Suichu Fu by Liu Xin marks the beginning of the history of poetic travelogues in rhapsody (fu) which originates from earlier travelogues in The Book of Songs, The Songs of Chu and the Han fu. It prospered in the Eastern Han period during which its literary conventions including the way of recounting journeys and expressing feelings in both historical and geographical contexts were stabilized. Despite abiding by its conventions there was a tendency in this genre of fu to record the wars, demonstrate the military forces and compose under the same titles in the Jian'an Era. These stylistic changes in motifs, tones, and functions were closely associated with the thriving of the Literati Group at the Court of Ye and the lasting effects of wars during the late Eastern Han. First, the social unrest caused by continuous military operations in the Central Plain near the end of the Han Dynasty created the right environment for poetic travelogues-writing activities. It not only made the source materials of the fu, but influenced the literary style. This involves two aspects: i. The authors' personal experiences of living in troubled times and going out to battle provided them with opportunities for producing this sort of literature. ii. The military and power reshuffle gave fresh impetus to the fall of the Confucianists from aristocratic families and the rise of the Legalists from humble families. Confucianism correspondingly lost its dominance on the spiritual level. Instead, the shift of focus from annotating Confucian Classics to paying attention to reality meant literature was no longer treated as an instrument for Confucianism. Grand and heroic writing styles were inextricably linked in these literary works, which embodied the combination of the authors' sublime ideals and aesthetic standards. Second, the humane atmosphere pervading Yecheng (the city served as the headquarters of the warlords Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty) acted as a catalyst for the formation of Literati Groups at the Court of Ye, which fostered the group literary composition and the interchange of ideas. This includes the following contributing factors: i. Literature, together with Confucian hermeneutics, took the center stage in Yecheng where Cao Cao loosened restrictions on politics, literature and art. Additionally, talented people were selected for the government regardless of their background. ii. At that time, the decline of Confucianism forced the literati to look beyond the rule of justice and force in order to seek alternative official career paths for personal fulfillment. iii. The authors of the poetic travelogues in the Jian'an fu held the positions in the Literati Group at the Court of Ye, as well as the posts in the office of the Cao family. Their success would never have been achieved without the patronage of the powerful Cao family and the concerted efforts made by the literati group. iv. Based on the fact that this group of literati gathered at Yecheng to get themselves involved in various literary competitions, the group literary compositions under the same titles became a cultural phenomenon during the Jian'an period.
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