Abstract:Running rural small schools (RSS) effectively is crucial for the modernization of education in China as well as the development of powerful education system, which is also a key mission in promoting the rural revitalization strategy and achieving education-driven common prosperity in the new era. However, the current study proposes that there are widespread weaknesses in Chinese RSS space with four major problems, including unclear positioning of spatial construction, insufficient investment, deviation in construction concepts, and inadequate guidance in practice. In light of these challenges, this study utilizes comprehensive theoretical studies and action-based inquiry to explore the construction of RSS spaces from three perspectives: value objectives, key mechanisms and practical pathways.Firstly, it is urgently needed to optimize the value objectives of RSS space by, positioning it as a hub for “integrating multiple social planning” and “collaborative development and construction” to facilitate the common revitalization of rural villages and RSS. Positioning it as a “minimum guarantee of RSS conditions” and “space empowering education for common prosperity” can facilitate the shared prosperity in urban and rural education, allowing the space to be a pioneer of advocating education equity. Positioning it as a “complete space functional sequences” and “spaces more conducive to education” for the better growth of rural students, allowing the space to serve the comprehensive and personalized development of the students. Positioning it as a “beautiful and high-quality campus” and “space with appropriate characteristics” for RSS development, which requires the space to support the sustainable development of RSS. Secondly, in order to promote the “small and beautiful” construction of RSS space, the key is to clarify the elements of school site network planning, the performance of spatial structure relationships, the design of spatial function realization, and the governance of jointly space well construction from a mechanistic perspective. For the improvement of the constituent elements of rural society, it is important to focus on the social integrity to achieve the perfection and functional symbiosis of rural society and RSS site network. For the enhanced performance of RSS spatial structure, it is important to focus on the school development to realize the endogenous empowerment of RSS spatial performance that will help lay a strong foundation for the schools. To improve the spatial function, it is important to focus on the pedagogy to create space that integrates school culture and educational knowledge, which will enrich the value of the space and better nurture the rural students. To improve spatial construction governance, it is important to focus on the practicality to activate the whole society to collaborate and form a united force for joint construction. Finally, RSS space construction should be carried out in a concerted manner on six pathways. The first pathway is space standardization, ensuring consistent school conditions through the same benchmark. The second pathway is space educationalization, adopting the “PST design approach” to promote the space integrated with educational ideas and technology. The third pathway is space humanization, creating a child-friendly environment to highlight the warm campus. The fourth pathway is space digitization, developing soft and hard information technology to strengthen the foundation of intelligent education. The fifth pathway is space localization, using local design to emphasize the unique rural character of schools. The last pathway is space openness, promoting the revitalization of rural communities and schools together with the concept of “integrity, orderliness, co-construction and sharing”.The study enriches the theoretical discussions on the value and mechanism of RSS space constructions, and also providing scientific and feasible suggestions from the practical level, which can help to promote the strategy of rural revitalization and the promotion of common wealth through education from a unique and new perspective. Thus the study could better promote the Chinese path to educational modernization and the construction of a powerful nation of education.
邵兴江, 金祈作, 顾建民. 乡村小规模学校空间建设:价值、机理与路径[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2024, 54(6): 92-104.
Shao Xingjiang, Jin Qizuo, Gu Jianming. Rural Small School Space Construction: Value, Mechanism and Pathways. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2024, 54(6): 92-104.
1 杨东平:《建设小而优、小而美的农村小规模学校》,《人民教育》2016年第2期,第36-38页。 2 秦玉友:《农村小规模学校发展的基本判断与治理思路》,《教育研究》2018年第12期,第81-86页。 3 徐金海:《从历史走向未来:城镇化进程中的乡村教育发展》,《教育研究》2021年第10期,第24-34页。 4 容中逵、杜薇:《新时代乡村学校建设与布局调整研究——论以人口出生率为基础的乡村学校布局调整问题》,《教育发展研究》2021年第24期,第39-44页。 5 Zhao D. & Barakat B., “The increasingly long road to school in rural China: the impacts of education network consolidation on broadly defined schooling distance in Xinfeng County of rural China,” Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2015), pp. 413-431. 6 Zhao D. & Parolin B., “School mapping restructure in rural China: achievements, problems and implications,” Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2012), pp. 713-726. 7 钟振国:《乡村小规模学校的标准化建设研究》,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2021年。 8 庞丽娟、金志峰、杨小敏等:《乡村振兴战略背景下我国小规模学校教师队伍建设:问题、原因与对策》,《教育发展研究》2022年第24期,第28-35页。 9 刘胡权:《底部攻坚:农村小规模学校的振兴》,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2015年。 10 刘善槐、王爽、武芳:《我国农村小规模学校教师队伍建设研究》,《教育研究》2017年第9期,第106-115页。 11 周晔:《农村小规模学校教师队伍专业水平结构的问题与对策》,《教育研究》2017年第3期,第147-153页。 12 Wei N., “Decreasing land use and increasing information infrastructure: big data analytics driven integrated online learning framework in rural education,” Frontiers in Environmental Science, Vol. 10 (2022), pp. 1-12. 13 赵丹、范先佐、郭清扬:《乡村小规模学校教育质量提升:基于集群发展视角》,《教育研究》2019年第3期,第90-98页。 14 任春荣、左晓梅等:《乡村小规模学校的生存与发展》,北京:知识产权出版社,2019年。 15 万明钢:《以促进教育公平和教育均衡发展的名义:我国农村撤点并校带来的隐忧》,《教育科学研究》2009年第10期,第19-20页。 16 陶青、卢俊勇:《农村小班化教学:促进城乡教育均衡发展的有效途径——撤点并校十年后的调查》,《教育理论与实践》2011年第29期,第24-26页。 17 赵丹、陈遇春、赵阔:《优质均衡视角下乡村小规模学校教育质量困境与对策》,《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版) 》2019第2期,第157-167页。 18 姚荣:《从“嵌入”到“悬浮”:国家与社会视角下我国乡村教育变迁研究》,《清华大学教育研究》2014年第4期,第27-39页。 19 于莎、刘奉越:《城乡关系视域下乡村教育的演进图景与发展展望》,《教育发展研究》2021年第24期,第24-31页。 20 高原:《“社会声誉”视角下乡村教育振兴的路径创新——基于富文乡中心小学的考察》,《教育发展研究》2022年第6期,第31-38页。 21 教育部发展规划司编:《中国教育统计年鉴2021》,北京:中国统计出版社,2022年。 22 温铁军、张俊娜、邱建生等:《国家安全以乡村善治为基础》,《国家行政学院学报》2016年第1期,第35-42页。 23 梁漱溟:《乡村建设理论》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年。 24 薛小平:《从区隔走向共在:乡村学校建设的“空间立场”》,《教育发展研究》2018年第24期,第28-33页。 25 Casto H. G., Steinhauer A. & Pollock P. M., “Potential synergy: rural school districts and international student programs,” Rural Educator, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2012), pp. 1-11. 26 Kalaoja E. & Pietarinen J., “Small rural primary schools in Finland: a pedagogically valuable part of the school network,” International Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 48, No. 2 (2009), pp. 109-116. 27 戚万学、刘伟:《乡村教育振兴的内涵、价值与路径》,《国家教育行政学院学报》2020年第6期,第21-28页。 28 Ilvento T. W., American Rural Communities, Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. 29 刘铁芳:《探寻乡村教育的基本精神》,《探索与争鸣》2021年第4期,第15-18页。 30 邵兴江、周谷平、王爱国:《质量导向的义务教育资源均衡配置》,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2022年。 31 邬志辉、杨卫安:《“离农”抑或“为农”:农村教育价值选择的悖论及消解》,《教育发展研究》2008年第1期,第52-57页。 32 凡勇昆、常雪:《“走不掉的一代”:关注乡村小规模学校中的边缘性群体》,《教育发展研究》2017年第2期,第51-56页。 33 朱旭东、薄艳玲:《农村留守儿童全面发展及其综合支持系统的建构》,《北京大学教育评论》2020年第3期,第104-120页。 34 全晓洁、蔡其勇、谢霁月:《回归与回应:乡村振兴战略中我国乡村教育建设的未来走向》,《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2022年第12期,第63-72页。 35 王怡:《汉语同音词词典》,成都:四川辞书出版社,2011年。 36 刘润忠:《试析结构功能主义及其社会理论》,《天津社会科学》2005年第5期,第52-56页。 37 张文明、章志敏:《资源·参与·认同:乡村振兴的内生发展逻辑与路径选择》,《社会科学》2018年第11期,第75-85页。 38 邵兴江:《学校建筑:教育意蕴与文化价值》,北京:教育科学出版社,2012年。 39 朱江:《巴纳德和社会系统理论》,《管理现代化》1992年第4期,第46-47页。 40 美]切斯特·巴纳德:《经理人员的职能》,王永贵译,北京:机械工业出版社,2007年。