[作者简介] 金少华(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2275-3869),男,浙江大学古籍研究所讲师,文学博士,主要从事敦煌学、经学、文选学研究。
传本《说文解字》包含相当数量的后人增附字。从顾野王《玉篇》与王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》来看,二氏所见《说文解字》并未收录“轚”篆。而仅见于《毛诗》《周礼》及《谷梁传》三部经典的“轚”字原本皆当作“击(擊)”,传世版本或作“轚”,乃后起换旁字,也表明因训解“六艺群书之诂”而撰作的《说文解字》不收“轚”篆不足为奇。有些学者将“击”视为“轚”之假借字,其实是被传本《说文解字》所误导,不可遵从。
Shuowen Jiezi (Shuowen in short) by Xu Shen, a Confucian philologist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the first seal character dictionary in China, which systematically analyzed character patterns and examined the origin of characters. The original edition had 9,353 character entries, plus 1,163 graphic variants. As the dictionary was copied many times in hundreds of years, blend and omission were inevitable. Nearly 200 characters were blended in the edition revised by Xu Xuan in the early Song Dynasty. The character “轚” discussed in this paper is one of those blended characters. The identification and discrimination of the blended part — in this case in light of an enquiry into “轚” — cannot only restore Xu Shen's original text and promote the research into Shuowen Jiezi, but benefit philology, Confucianism and other relevant studies.
Gu Yewang of the Liang Dynasty compiled a Chinese character dictionary Yu Pian based on Shuowen Jiezi. The original edition had long been lost, and the extant edition was adapted during the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the original edition of Stray Fragments of Yu Pian discovered in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty, each character entry was evidenced by quotations from Shuowen Jiezi, but quotations for “轚” were from two Confucian classics, The Rites of Zhou and The Commentary of Guliang (Guliang Zhuan). This indicates that Gus edition did not include “轚”. Zhuanli Wanxiang Mingyi compiled by the Japanese Buddhist scholar Kūkai (774-835), based on the original edition of Yu Pian, can provide further evidences. Based on the manuscripts of the rime dictionaries of the Tang and Five Dynasties unearthed in the sutra caves in Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Qieyun by Lu Fayan in the Sui Dynasty did not include “轚”, while the character was supplemented in Wang Renxu's Kanmiu Buque Qieyun (Corrected and Supplemented Qieyun) merely based on The Commentary of Guliang annotated by Liu Zhao, but not on Shuowen Jiezi. This can corroborate Gu Yewangs Yu Pian, and also prove that Xu Shen's edition of Shuowen Jiezi did not include “轚”. The character “轚” must have been later blended in the edition that survived.
Besides the The Rites of Zhou and The Commentary of Guliang, another Confucian classic Mao Poetry also has a variant version that used “轚”, while its current version used “击”. However, The Commentary of Guliang used “轚” while its variant version used “击”. “击” was used in other literature before the Eastern Han Dynasty for the meaning of “轚” in the extant edition of Shuowen Jiezi. This means that “击” (or “擊” in the traditional form) was used in the early version of Mao Poetry and The Commentary of Guliang, but the character “轚” was used later in the extant version in the place of “擊” with a radical change. In fact, “轚” in The Commentary of Guliang and The Rites of Zhou has been interpreted by scholars as “击”, the same as the “击” in the current version of Mao Poetry. It can be concluded that “轚” that appeared only in the three Confucian classics was supplemented by later generations, but not the character which Xu Shen would have witnessed. Therefore, its not at all surprising that “轚” is not found in Shuowen Jiezi. Scholars have been misled by the extant edition of Shuowen Jiezi to take “击” in some literature as the borrowed character of “轚”.
传本《说文解字》(以下简称《说文》)包含相当数量的后人增附字。许慎曾明确记录所撰《说文》540部收载的字数为“ 九千三百五十三文, 重一千一百六十三” [1]319, 经过千百年的辗转传写, 脱讹增附在所难免, 段玉裁《说文解字注》云:“ 今依大徐本所载字数核之, 正文九千四百卅一, 增多者七十八文; 重文千二百七十九, 增多者百一十六文。此由列代有沾注者, 今难尽为识别, 而亦时可裁伪, 去太去甚。” [2]781即便不计脱略的篆文, 大徐本《说文》的增附字已然接近200, 故段玉裁删篆21字①(①段氏又增篆24字, 参见蒋冀骋《说文段注改篆评议》, (长沙)湖南教育出版社1993年版, 第48页。蒋氏曾对段氏所删篆文逐一详加考辨, 评骘是非。), 其余言当删而未删者亦复不少; 王筠《说文释例》也专设“ 删篆” 一目[3]329-336。不过前人未能确切剔除的《说文》增附字尚多, “ 轚” 即其一例。
大徐本《说文· 车部》:“ 轚, 车辖相击也。从车、从毄, 毄亦声。《周礼》曰‘ 舟舆击互者’ 。” [1]303历来学者对此字的形义多存疑问。
首先从文字结构看, “ 轚” 篆形声兼会意, 为“ 毄” 之分别文。《说文· 殳部》:“ 毄, 相击中也。如车相击, 故从殳、从
另外, “ 轚” 篆说解所引《周礼》“ 舟舆击互者” , 与传本《周礼· 秋官· 野庐氏》“ 凡道路之舟车轚互者, 叙而行之” 颇相出入, “ 击” 字更与本篆字头不相应①(①《集韵》入声锡韵吉历切小韵“ 轚” 字注云:“ 《说文》:车辖相击也, 引《周礼》‘ 舟舆击互者’ 。” 所据《说文》引《周礼》与大徐本完全相同。见丁度等编《宋刻集韵》, (北京)中华书局2005年版, 第217页。)。阮元《周礼校勘记》云:“ 《周礼》‘ 舟车’ 许(慎)引作‘ 舟舆’ 为异; ‘ 击’ 当从《周礼》作‘ 轚’ , 许正引此经以证‘ 轚’ 字也。” [6]506马宗霍《说文解字引经考》云:“ 许引经证字, 则‘ 击’ 当从《周礼》作‘ 轚’ , 方与本篆相合。击所以训轚, 引经盖转写者涉注文‘ (车辖相)击’ 字而误耳, 小徐本不误, 可证。” ②(②马宗霍《说文解字引经考》, (北京)中华书局2013年版(以下不再标注版本), 第
鉴于“ 轚” 既从
古丽反。《周礼》:“ 野庐氏掌凡道路之舟车轚互者, 叙而行之。” 郑玄曰:“ 舟车轚互, 谓于迫隘处也。车有轘辕、坁阁, 舟有砥柱之属, 其过之也, 使以次叙也。” 《谷梁传》:“ 流旁容握, 轚者不得入。” 刘兆曰:“ 流旁容握, 谓车两轊头各去门边容握。握, 四寸也。轚,
原本《玉篇》此处前后诸字头依次为“ 辍” “
又“ 轚” 字《广韵》收入去声霁韵古诣切(即《玉篇》古丽反)、入声锡韵古历切二小韵, 前者注云“ 舟中互序而行也” [9]352, 后者注云“ 舟车” [9]500, 据《周礼· 秋官· 野庐氏》为说, 而皆似是而非⑦(⑦赵少咸将《广韵》两处“ 轚” 字注文均校改为“ 舟车互序而行也” , 恐怕也不合《野庐氏》郑玄注本意。见赵少咸《广韵疏证》, (四川)巴蜀书社2010年版, 第2536、3501页。)。查故宫博物院藏宋濂跋本王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》, 霁韵“ 轚” 字注云“
以上根据顾野王《玉篇》与王仁昫《刊谬补缺切韵》, 基本可以确定“ 轚” 字非许慎《说文》原本所收载, 无怪乎传世版本特别是大徐本令人怀疑。
号称“ 五经无双” 的许慎撰作《说文》的主要目的是训解“ 六艺群书之诂” (许冲《上< 说文解字> 表》), 如果经典未用“ 轚” 字, 那么《说文》不收“ 轚” 篆也就不足为奇。事实上, 上文指出的仅见于《毛诗》《周礼》《谷梁传》三部经典之“ 轚” 字皆存疑问。黄以周曾对昭公八年《谷梁传》及《诗· 小雅· 车攻》毛传两例详加考释, 《礼书通故》卷四二《御礼通故》第十五条云:
《谷梁传》云:“ 因蒐狩以习武事, 艾兰以为防, 置旃以为辕门, 以葛覆质以为槷, 流旁握, 御轚不得入……” 范甯云:“ 流旁握, 谓车两轊头各去门边空握。握, 四寸也。轚挂则不得入门。” 陈奂云:“ ‘ 轚’ 疑‘ 辇’ 之误。辇轵庳, 不得过槷, 故不得入。” 以周案:《毛诗· 车攻》传用此文云“ 间容握, 驱而入, 击则不得入” , “ 间容” 二字即《谷梁》“ 旁” 字之义, “ 驱而入” 即所谓“ 流” 也, 谓车流行之疾也。两旁树旃竿以为门, 又以质为之槷, 所以示御车之的也。车行至门, 两轊头去旃竿之旁各一握, 是门之广于轊头者仅八寸也。车入门当驱, 而驱车又不可与门旁轚挂, 此试御之法也。毛传“ 击则不得入” , 当依《诗释文》本作“ 轚” 。刘兆注《谷梁》云:“ 轚,
按:陈说诚然乖误, 但黄说也不可遽从。考陆德明《经典释文》出《谷梁传》“ 御轚” , 注云:“ 古帝反, 挂也。刘兆云:
实则《车攻》毛传与《谷梁传》所言“ 试御之法” , 不过是说御者驱车入辕门时严禁车两轊头与门旁旃竿发生碰击。《车攻》毛传“ 间容握, 驱而入, 击则不得入” , 孔颖达疏云:
其门之广狭, 两轴头去旃竿之间各容一握。握人四指为四寸, 是门广于轴八寸也……若驱之, 其轴头击着门傍旃竿, 则不得入也, 所以罚不工也。[13]428
《谷梁传》“ 流旁握, 御轚者不得入” , 杨士勋疏云:
徐邈云:“ 流, 至也。门之广狭足令车通, 至车两轴去门之旁边一握。握, 四寸也。轚者不得入, 轚谓挂着, 若车挂着门, 则不使得入, 以耻其御拙也。” 观范(甯)之注, 似与徐邈同。[13]2435
孔疏、徐说殊无差别, 几可互换①(①孔疏“ 所以罚不工也” 之“ 工” 字阮元校刻本作“ 一” , 阮氏《》第
对于传本《说文》“ 轚, 车辖相击也” , 孙诒让《周礼正义》尝引《战国策· 齐策一》“ 主者循轶之途也, 辖击摩车而相过” 加以疏证, 以为“ ‘ 辖击’ 即所谓‘ 轚’ 也” ③(③孙诒让《周礼正义》, 第3489页。按马宗霍《说文解字引经考》说同, 见第734页。)。按古籍中与“ 辖击” 相类似者尚有“ 毂击” :
古者使车毂击, 驰言相结, 天下为一。(《战国策》卷三《秦策一》)[14]141
临淄之途, 车毂击, 人肩摩。(《战国策》卷八《齐策一》)[14]539
齐人甚好毂击相犯以为乐, 禁之不止。(《晏子春秋》卷六《内篇杂下》)[15]372
云行于途, 毂击于道。(《盐铁论》卷二《刺权第九》
合从连衡, 驰车毂击。(《汉书》卷六四《严安传》载严氏上书; 《史记》卷一一二《主父偃列传》载此书倒言之曰“ 击毂” )[17]2811[18]3558
虽智者劳心于内, 辩者毂击于外, 犹不若未然之时也。(《汉书》卷九四《匈奴传》载扬雄上书)[17]3816
其例甚夥, 不似“ 辖击” 之罕见。段玉裁在“ 轚” 篆下特意强调“ 诸书亦言车毂相击” [2]729, 良有以也。
或又言“ 轊击” (“ 轊” “
然则传本《诗· 小雅· 车攻》毛传及《经典释文》所引《谷梁传》异本“ 击” 字可谓源远流长, 弥足珍贵; 而黄以周大概被传本《说文》所误导, 反以出于后世俗本之“ 轚” 字为正, 难称定谳⑤(⑤黄以周所引《》第
经典另一例《周礼· 秋官· 野庐氏》“ 舟车轚互者” , 郑玄注“ 舟车轚互, 谓于迫隘处也” 不单独训释“ 轚” , 则所见《周礼》本作“ 击” 字的可能性更大。陆德明《经典释文》“ 轚互” 条注云“ 音计, 沈古的反” [12]133, 沈重即据“ 击” 字注音①(①张参《五经文字》卷下车部“ 轚” 字注云:“ 工第反, 又音击。‘ [轚]互者’ 见《周礼》。” (《丛书集成初编》本, 商务印书馆1936年版, 第64页。注中“ 轚” 字原脱, 据文意补)可与《经典释文》相互参看。大徐本《说文》“ 轚” 字注音为入声古历切, 也与沈重音无异。小徐本为去声己惠反, 则合于《释文》首音, 与《玉篇》及《刊谬补缺切音》亦相同。见徐锴《说文解字系传》, (北京)中华书局1987年版, 第274页。)。贾公彦《周礼疏》云:“ 云‘ 轚互者’ , 谓水陆之道舟车往来狭隘之所更互相击, 故云轚互者。” [13]884其实也依“ 击” 字为说。阮元《周礼校勘记》援引《说文》“ 轚” 篆疏释经文, 又云“ 郑注当本作‘ 舟车击互’ , 犹许君(慎)云‘ 车辖相击也’ , 故贾疏释注云‘ 车互相击’ ” [6]506, 足见高明。唯阮校补正又云“ 郑引经文不当改字” , 尚拘泥于传世俗本也。
既然《毛诗》《周礼》《谷梁传》三部经典的“ 轚” 字皆不大可能见于许慎之前的早期版本, 那么因发挥“ 五经之道” 而撰作的《说文》不收“ 轚” 篆恰在情理之中。
今已考明“ 轚” 实为“ 击(擊)” 之后起换旁字, 《说文》原本并未收录, 则类似上揭黄以周《礼书通故》的观点皆有待商榷。如《说文》“ 毄” 篆说解“ 如车相击” 之“ 击” 字, 段玉裁校改为“ 轚” [2]119, 朱骏声[20]540、范祥雍[14]543分别谓上引《战国策· 秦策一》“ 使车毂击” 、《齐策一》“ 车毂击” 之“ 击” 为“ 轚” 的假借字, 迷惑于传本《说文》, 而与黄以周不分轩轾。
许慎《说文》古本眇焉悠邈, 不可复见, 传本羼杂的后人增附字确如段玉裁所言“ 难尽为识别” (见上引)。言有易而言无难, 在缺乏版本铁证的情况下, 《说文》增附字的剔除只能通过充分排比存世文献, 加以细致合理的考辨, 逐字逐部进行探究; 而段玉裁、王筠以来《说文》学大家未获一睹的新出材料如原本《玉篇》残卷等, 尤须特别重视。
《说文》增附字的甄别不仅有助于恢复许慎旧观, 促进《说文》本身的研究, 对文字学、经学等相关学科也不无裨益, 应当引起学界的关注。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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