The Fable of the Bees is a controversial literary work in the Eighteenth-Century England. Bernard Mandeville the author pointed out that it was the pride regarded as the primary vice by Christians that became the origin of the virtue, while luxury considered to cripple social morality turned out to be consistently motivating social progress. His contentious opinion had formed the hot topic of the public opinion at that time. Mandeville aimed to construct a comprehensive social theory on the basis of his philosophical thinking in his work, whose purpose was to rectify the prejudices caused by the cognitive limitation of the traditional Christian thinking, and to enable people to recognize the agency and creativity of the human self-interest. There is an inherent continuity between Mandeville’s opinion and those great thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Mandeville considered self-interest as the basis of his own theory. Within the Eighteenth-Century context, self-interest could be equal to the personal freedom sought after by those great thinkers, which was the confirmative attitude towards the individual subjectivity. Mandeville indicated that the acts of self-interest/private vices formed the public benefits, which made the social publicness to happen. On the basis of his key notion “Private Vices, Public Benefits”, Mandeville elaborated on two topics, namely “Pride” and “Luxury”, and creatively revealed the process of integrating individual subjectivity into social publicness in the practical discourse of his work. In The Structural Transformation of Public Sphere, Habermas expounded on the process of how public opinion managed to become a means of the bourgeoisie to construct the rational cognition, the political participation and social transformation amid the interaction between literary works, reading market and society in the Eighteenth Century. It is by virtue of public opinion that the rationality of the Enlightenment laid the foundation for the modern civilization, and constructed the modern society amid various opinions. Since public opinions were usually sparked by the inspiration or controversial literary works in this period, Habermas specified a term “literary public sphere” to describe this process. To some extent, the public opinion caused by Mandeville’s work has presented a concrete case of the literary public sphere in the Eighteenth Century. This paper aims at reconstructing the process of the formation of literary public sphere through Mandeville’s book. The paper expects to explicate that “it is in the aspect of textual transmission, i. e. the interaction between literary work, reading market and society, that the rationality of the Enlightenment is constructed, in which modernity is formed as well.