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Abstract On the basis of the consensus of the current academic community that “the Western modernization that interacts with capital destroyed other modernity sprouts in the 18th Century and dominated the pattern of modern civilization, and that China’s modernization is in the effect of Western colonial modernization in its origin”, this article firmly holds the clue of “the relationship with capital”, and goes into the depth of history to capture the transition of the characteristics of Chinese modernization. From the perspective of “historical genesis”, “social development” and “the nature of socialism”, it argues that the logical changes of China’s modernization are summed up as a historical process of “leaping over the institutionalized capital (capitalism), occupying and utilizing the capital and its relationship as a tool for managing the world and helping the people, and transcending the capital itself”.
For the first time in the academic circle, this article puts forward the “formal subordination” and “substantive subordination” of the relationship with capital to distinguish and describe the different types of the relationship with capital between China and the West. It is argued that the socialist society with Chinese characteristics is a formal subordination to capital, while the Western capitalist society is a substantive subordination to capital. This article puts forward the “leaping logic” and “occupying logic” of capital in the process of modernization with Chinese characteristics, and expounds the historical transformation and dialectical relationship between the two in combination with the shift of the focus of China’s practice in the period of socialist revolution, socialist construction and socialist reform. It is the first time to put forward and preliminarily demonstrate the academic proposition of “how the CPC controls the capital as a social relationship in essence”. It is believed that the key to answering this question in theory, in terms of text, history, reality and reasoning, lies in how to treat Capital, and how the CPC controls the capital as a social relationship in practice. For the purpose of discussion, this article creates academic discourses such as “non-classical socialist revolution”, “a question from colony”, “the Kafting Gorge of the productive forces”, “zero-sum view of Powerful Nation”, “the doctrine of Powerful Nation”.
The new ideas put forward in this article are mainly as follows: based on the “love and hate” mentality of the Chinese elites towards the Western-style modernization at the beginning of the exploration of the modernization road, it is proposed that “the gunfire of the Russian Revolution not only sent Marxism to China, but also was invited by the Chinese elites in the long-term hard search”. On the issue of the basic political premise of the modernization of forging the nation-state by revolution, the author puts forward the view that “the new revolutionary road of encircling the cities from the countryside makes China’s modernization not only different from the capitalist West, but also different from the socialist Russia at the beginning”. It proposes that the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics, which is served as the road to modernization and prosperity, liberates the understanding of market economy and planned economy from the sense of “essence” and positions it on the sense of “tool”. This kind of understanding is not only different from the Soviet view of planned economy that is anti-capital, but also different from the Western view of market economy that is capital-worship. Based on the expression of the “two wonderful achievements”, it is proposed that China’s “political miracle” supports the “two wonderful achievements”. In terms of research methods, this article adopts a combination of vertical combing and horizontal comparison as a whole, and adopts in-depth reading and the method of “from abstract to concrete” in the analysis of Marx’s “capital as a general” in China.
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Published: 25 February 2023
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