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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2024, Vol. 54 Issue (8): 113-123    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2024.02.211
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从自陈到自辩:宋代自撰墓志书写意识的转变
张亚静
湖北大学 文学院,湖北 武汉 430062
From Self-presentation to Self-justification: On the Transformation of Writing Consciousness in the Self-written Epitaphs During the Song Dynasty
Zhang Yajing
School of Chinese Language and Literature, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China

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摘要 通过对比蒲远犹、罗必元的他撰、自撰墓志,可以发现北宋时两类墓志差异显著。而南宋时自撰墓志选事、叙事“公共化”,风格趋向他撰墓志。自撰、他撰墓志拥有不同的写作传统,自撰墓志属“自述”文体,历经自证、自况、自陈、自辩的模式变迁,从关注“时”转向关注个人之“幸”。北宋自撰墓志多模仿白居易自陈,南宋时则多用冯道之法自辩。该变化源于文人在他者凝视下进行自述,而宋代的他者凝视又因为墓志传播由石向纸而强化。纸本使得刻录自撰墓志的思维方式发生转变,时人不再据石本容量整合自撰、他撰内容,反将他撰文本作为“题跋”附于自撰墓志。传播环境的变化不仅改变了自撰墓志的刻录形态,也促使自志行为和文本走向分野。
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张亚静
关键词 宋代自撰墓志书写意识物质载体    
Abstract:The self-written epitaphs have integrated the style and purpose of epitaphs and self-narration tradition into one. Through a comparison of both self-written and other-composed epitaphs of Pu Yuanyou from the Northern Song Dynasty and Luo Biyuan from the Southern Song Dynasty, it can be observed that during the Northern Song period, there is a clear distinction between self-written and other-composed epitaphs; meanwhile, by the Southern Song period, the selection criteria and narrative style of self-written epitaphs tended to resemble those of other-composed epitaphs.Such a change originates from the inheritance of the self-narrative tradition in self-written epitaphs of the Song Dynasty and new developments shaped by societal and cultural influences. The self-narrative genre has evolved through changes in writing modes from self-assertion, self-comparison, and self-presentation to self-justification, represented respectively by Dongfang Shuo, Tao Yuanming, Bai Juyi, and Feng Dao. The self-narration requires confronting the issues of “social schema” and “personal schema”, namely, the contest between perspectives of subject and object. In the self-assertion mode, “subject” and “object” stand for the personal and worldly viewpoints respectively in debate, focusing on whether the “subject” should adapt to the “times”. In the self-assertion mode, the division between “subject” and “object” splits into the observational perspectives of self-written and other-composed epitaphs. Although the object is withdrawn in Tao’s case, scrutiny by others always remains. The contest and integration of subjective and objective perspectives also reveal the interactive relationship between two types of epitaphs, especially when abundant epitaphs composed by others function as implicit text to both the writers and readers, which increasingly intensifies scrutiny by others.Thus, when Northern Song literati emulated Bai Juyi, people, even those without great achievement must still elaborate on the difficulties of passing imperial examinations and officialdom in the epitaphs to legitimize their retreats. Meanwhile, in the self-written epitaphs of the Southern Song Dynasty, modes of self-presentation to self-justification ran concurrently, adopting a secular pragmatic perspective to reflect upon oneself.Other-composed and self-written epitaphs follow different cognitive and mnemonic paths. The other-composed epitaphs document individuals in the public life from an external perspective. On the other hand, the self-written ones display “self” from an internal perspective. In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song period, self-written epitaphs integrated the two writing traditions. This phenomenon stems from the amplification of external scrutiny due to economic and technological advances in the Song Dynasty. People who wrote epitaphs for themselves were no longer driven solely by a strong urge for self-expression but sought external recognition. Paper-based epitaphs predominated the dissemination of the texts, freeing contemporaries from the constraints of limited space on stone epitaphs. They integrated self-written and other-composed contents, often appending other-composed texts as “postscripts” to self-written epitaphs, thus altering the engraving and recording format of self-written epitaphs. At the same time, the actions and texts of self-written epitaphs also diverged, showing a negative correlation with the degree of ideological control.
Key wordsthe Song Dynasty    self-written epitaph    writing consciousness    material carrier   
收稿日期: 2024-02-21     
基金资助:教育部人文社科青年项目(23YJC751046)
作者简介: 张亚静(https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1639-0946),湖北大学文学院讲师,文学博士,主要从事宋代文学、数字人文研究;
引用本文:   
张亚静. 从自陈到自辩:宋代自撰墓志书写意识的转变[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2024, 54(8): 113-123. Zhang Yajing. From Self-presentation to Self-justification: On the Transformation of Writing Consciousness in the Self-written Epitaphs During the Song Dynasty. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2024, 54(8): 113-123.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2024.02.211     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2024/V54/I8/113
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