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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2023, Vol. 53 Issue (2): 29-39    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.10.294
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从出土文献看《说文》“读若”的历史语音层次
叶玉英
厦门大学 中国语言文学系,福建 厦门 361005
Historical Phonetic Strata of “Duruo” in Shuowen Jiezi in the Light of Excavated Texts
Ye Yuying
Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China

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摘要 利用出土文献资料可离析出《说文》“读若”所揭示的历史语音层次:(1)读若字记录的是被注字音变后的语音,古文字资料表明音变发生的时间有的在战国中晚期,有的在西汉初;(2)从被注字来看,读若字曾经发生过音变,古文字资料表明音变发生在春秋晚期或战国晚期,或汉初;(3)有的音变发生在雅言语音中,有的音变则发生在战国楚方音或秦方音中;(4)同谐声系列的字,《说文》中有的是被注字,有的用作读若字,往往显示出不同的语音层次。这些都属于汉语语音历史演变中的同源层次。剥离这些历史语音层次有助于我们加深对《说文》“读若”性质的认识。
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叶玉英
关键词 《说文解字》读若语音层次上古音    
Abstract:Since Shuowen Jiezi (SJ) was compiled for the purpose of interpreting Confucian classics, the phonetic annotations of “duruo” (pronounced as...) in this dictionary did not always indicate the actual pronunciations in the Later Han Period. Rather, they sometimes preserved the tradition handed down by the scholars from previous generations. Therefore, the pronunciation recorded by duruo in SJ manifest historical strata. This paper argues that there are both homogeneous and heterogeneous phonetic strata revealed by “duruo” annotations in SJ. The former refers to the diversity caused by sound changes in history of the same language (including its dialects). Some “duruo” in SJ recorded the old pronunciation of the Pre-Qin time, some recorded that of the Western Han, and some recorded that of Xu Shen’s era. Although some of these pronunciations recorded were from Chu or Qin dialects, since these dialects had evolved from the common language of the Western Zhou or the Spring and Autumn Period, they can be regarded as in the same stratum. “Duruo” in SJ reflect pronunciations of the standard language and local dialects of Xu Shen’s time and also include some old pronunciations which were even represented later in Guangyun or Jiyun in the form of fanqie. On the other hand, heterogeneous phonetic strata refer to two or more independent pronunciations annotated as “duruo” of one character in SJ, which form different phonetic correspondences with that character, and these correspondences are so isolated that it cannot be explained as phonetic divergences. The primary reason for such situation is dialect contact. Since the data of ancient dialects reflected in excavated texts are not enough at present, we only discuss in this paper the first category, the historical homogeneous phonetic strata of duruo in SJ. The characters of “duruo” and the characters annotated in SJ are both in the process of dynamic evolution of phonetics. Excavated texts shed light on the evolution process and the time and space of the phonetic changes, and the phonetic strata of “duruo” in SJ can thereby be analyzed in the light of such documents. There were four circumstances in which “duruo” were used. First, the “duruo” characters recorded the later pronunciation of the annotated characters after phonetic evolutions. Relevant examples from excavated texts show such phonetic changes occurred from the middle or late Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty. Second, from the perspective of annotated characters, there had been phonetic changes of the “duruo” character. Excavated written materials show such changes occurred from the late Spring and Autumn Period, through the Warring States, to the early Han Dynasty. Third, some phonetic changes occurred in the standard Chinese language of that era, while others occurred in the Chu or Qin dialects. Last, characters with the same phonetic component sometimes appear as annotated characters, and were sometimes used as “duruo” character in SJ, which often show different phonetic strata. They all indicate phonetic strata of homogeneous variants formed in the process of phonetic evolution. By the analysis of different layers in phonetic evolution, this study helps us deepen the understanding of the nature of “duruo” in SJ.
Key wordsShuowen Jiezi    duruo    phonetic strata    old Chinese phonology   
收稿日期: 2021-10-29     
基金资助:国家社科基金一般项目(21BYY135);国家社科基金重大项目(22&ZD301)
作者简介: 叶玉英(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-0441),女,厦门大学中国语言文学系教授,博士生导师,历史学博士,主要从事古文字、上古音、汉语史和出土文献研究;
引用本文:   
叶玉英. 从出土文献看《说文》“读若”的历史语音层次[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2023, 53(2): 29-39. Ye Yuying. Historical Phonetic Strata of “Duruo” in Shuowen Jiezi in the Light of Excavated Texts. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2023, 53(2): 29-39.
链接本文:  
https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2021.10.294     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2023/V53/I2/29
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