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浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)  2022, Vol. 52 Issue (10): 84-96    DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2022.03.018
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格式条款提供者的单方变更问题研究
张晓梅, 周江洪
浙江大学 光华法学院,浙江 杭州 310008
A Study of Unilateral Modification Made by Standard Terms Providers
Zhang Xiaomei, Zhou Jianghong
Guanghua Law School, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China

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摘要 格式合同可以区分为两大类:一类是存在单方变更合同条款的格式合同,另一类是不存在单方变更合同条款的格式合同。前者以“透明性”作为基准判断单方变更合同条款的效力。若符合“透明性”要求,单方变更合同条款可借助《民法典》格式条款的相关规定判断是否纳入合同及其效力;若不符合“透明性”要求,该条款不发生效力,按照无单方变更合同条款处理。后者因格式条款具有不同于非格式条款的合意规则,而不同于一般的合同变更。若格式条款的内容不属于合同订立层面加以考虑的范围,则格式条款的变更无须考虑合同相对人具体的同意。但基于格式条款提供者单方变更后的条款具有相对人广泛而不特定的特点,变更后条款应同样作为格式条款予以考虑,须遵循格式条款的规制路径。格式条款的变更若是基于合同性质,或者格式条款的内容属于合同订立层面加以考虑的范围,则不适用格式条款变更的规则。在具体规范构建上,格式条款提供者还应履行通知说明义务,并保证合同相对人自由退出合同的权利。
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张晓梅
周江洪
关键词 格式条款空白条款单方变更合同相对人保护《民法典》    
Abstract:Standard contracts can be distinguished into two main categories: one in which there is a clause that indicates the provider of the standard terms can unilaterally modify the contract (the variation clause); the other in which no such clause exists. Since the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China has not made special provisions for the modification of standard terms, it is necessary to conform to the general principle of contract modification, that is, no modification shall be made without the consent of the counterparty. However, the modification of standard terms is a special case, since there are a large number of counterparties in the contract, and it is unrealistic to require the individual consent of counterparties. In this regard, standard terms providers may use the variation clause to meet their unilateral modification, as is often the case. On the positive side, providers’ use of the variation clause to retain unilateral variation rights can significantly reduce negotiation costs. However, on the negative side, unrestricted unilateral modification runs the risk of being abused. The court cannot recognize the validity of the unilateral modification only from the necessity and reasonableness. In this regard, according to the type of the variation clause, standard contracts can be further divided into two categories: one is the contract with a “specific clause”, that is, it stipulates under what conditions the provider can unilaterally make changes, and makes a clear agreement on the content of modification; the other is the contract with a “blank clause”, that is, the clause does not restrict the unilateral modification of the provider. The variation clause should be judged by the criterion of “transparency”. If the criterion is met, the rules of standard terms in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China (standard terms rule) can be used to determine whether the clause becomes part of the contract and whether it is valid. If the criterion is not met, the variation clause should be considered ineffective and the contract treated as a no variation clause contract. Therefore, about the “specific clause”, the courts can apply the rules of standard terms. The “blank clause” should be deemed ineffective because it does not meet the requirements of transparency, and such contracts should be treated as if there is no “variation clause”. As standard terms have a different rule of consent than non-standard terms, special consideration should be given to the issue of a contract modification. As long as the content of standard terms is not considered at the time of contracting, the standard terms can be modified by providers without considering the specific consent of the counterparties but should follow the rules of standard terms. However, if the modification is based on the nature of the contract, or the standard terms are considered at the time of contracting (usually core terms), the rules of standard terms modification are not applicable. On the construction of unilateral modification, when the standard terms are modified, the provider should also fulfill the obligation of notification and explanation and should guarantee the right of the counterparties of the contract to freely withdraw from the contract.
Key wordsstandard terms    blank clause    unilateral modification    the contract protection of the counterparty    the Civil Code   
收稿日期: 2022-03-01     
基金资助:中宣部文化名家暨“四个一批”人才工程项目
作者简介: 张晓梅(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-4972),女,浙江大学光华法学院博士研究生,主要从事民商法学研究;;周江洪(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-7208),男,浙江大学光华法学院教授,博士生导师,法学博士,主要从事民商法学研究;
引用本文:   
张晓梅, 周江洪. 格式条款提供者的单方变更问题研究[J]. 浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2022, 52(10): 84-96. Zhang Xiaomei, Zhou Jianghong. A Study of Unilateral Modification Made by Standard Terms Providers. JOURNAL OF ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY, 2022, 52(10): 84-96.
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https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/10.3785/j.issn.1008-942X.CN33-6000/C.2022.03.018     或     https://www.zjujournals.com/soc/CN/Y2022/V52/I10/84
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