The comprehensive leisure participation framework,identifies the global (i.e.,personality traits,physiological and psychological needs),contextual (i.e.,intrinsic motivation,extrinsic motivation,and amotivation),and situational (i.e.,attitudes,subjective norm,perceived behavioral control,intention,leisure constraints,leisure constraint negotiation) factors that are presumed to affect actual leisure participation,as well as the presumed relationships among them.It is important to note that all three levels are encompassed by culture,which suggests a universalistic approach such that these factors and relationships are construed to be largely similar across cultures but that important differences can and do exist. Some of the concepts that compose the comprehensive leisure participation framework vary cross-culturally especially between Canadian and American,and Chinese and overseas Chinese,people while also maintaining that most of the framework's concepts likely function in a similar manner across cultures.